The effects of concentration on reaction rates Essay Example for Free

The effects of concentration on answerion rates EssayI could back this conclusion up by doing two things. Firstly, I could use my average time graph (graph 1) to work out what time any concentration would take to complete its reaction. This is especially because of the occurrence that all my results I demonstrateed followed a crusade. What I can do is to look where any concentration level is in line with the line of opera hat fit, and whence I could take this point on the line of best fit and look to see where that point lines up with the time taken. An example is on the next page Here you can see that the point indicated as the intersecting point is where the concentration levels and time taken axis meet on the line of best fit. This is exactly how I could prove my conclusion correct, by taking any concentration, and then test the concentration in the same musical mode as in my method to see if the time taken follows this pattern. If it does, then I could easily prove my conclusion to be correct. EvaluationThe times would project been very unlikely to be the same, particularly under the conditions of the fact that we had a strict time limit of two lessons, including getting the equipment out and clearing it up again. Overall, this was a very tight deadline to meet, and I eventually realised I needed to try and run my first and abet tests simultaneously in the second lesson, as I was nearly out of time. This rush could easily have affected my final results in several ways, all because of the rush I was in to get all my results.The magnesium floating in the HCl may have been a problem too. I dont think it would have affected the results much, but because it was floating, non all of the magnesium was in the acid at the same time throughout the reaction, and therefore this may have meant the reaction took longer as it couldnt react with all of the magnesium straight away. I could have got over this by poking the Mg down, but that may have affected th e results as well.If I were to use a substance that would react with the HCl in ANY way (even if it would be unnoticeable to the naked eye), then the reaction rates would have likely slowed down, because some of the HCl would have reacted with the other substance, leaving less of it to react with the Mg. The other (more obvious) point is that I would have found it hard to poke three pieces of Mg in different test tubes down at once. The other way which I could have solved this, would be to make the density of the Mg larger, so that the Mg would sink naturally to the bottom of the test tube.This could have been through with(p) either by redoing the tests with more magnesium (a longer strip), or by victimisation less HCl. I would have done this, but the tight time limit meant that I couldnt redo all the tests that I have already done in time, before realising this. Another way my results could have been affected is that because the 0. 1 reading took a long time to complete, meanin g that I may not have noticed that the reaction had finished straight away. I dont think this happened, though, so Im not too worried about this.Finally, and this occurred in my second test which could indeed explain my ringed faulty result, I admit, time got the better of me and so I didnt wash out my measuring cylinder out afterwards measuring each concentration of acid. I may have measured smaller concentrations first and these concentrations could have mixed with the one I was using then to not give the mole that I said I was using for this test. To get over this problem, I could either have rinsed out the cylinder before measuring each concentration, or even by sharing cylinders with other people, of which each cylinder would only be used for one concentration.Overall, despite these problems, I dont think I will have made a bad attempt at the experiment, because the results were similar both times and they did follow a trend on my two graphs. 1 Show preview only The above prev iew is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of some that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section. Download this essay Print Save Heres what a teacher thought of this essay 3 star(s).

Solution Exercise Essay Example for Free

Solution Exercise EssayAM by submitting on blackboard Guideline This readiness is an individual data excavation experiment. Plagiary is definitely not allowed. If any classmate or other person helps you on doing this homework, you need to specify who and which voice you got help from. You credit will be given to the helper (it is fair, right). The helper should also mention who get your assistant on this homework. Zero point will be given if your homework is strand to be the same with others without any mention. You are required to use computer language (C, C++, or Java) or computer software (matlab or Weka) to do the data mining experiment and analysis. Other software or language is allowed based on the approval of the instructor. You need to specify which software or program you are using for this homework.If you use other persons program or any program downloaded from internet, you need to address where you get it, and who is the author. If you decide to deliver your ow n program, please submit your source code. Extra credit will be given if you write your own program on any portion of this homework. No matter which kind of method you choose for this homework, you need to be careful on adjusting the parameter, if there is. interest do an experiment on how to control the better parameters and write down you analysis on this homework. You need to submit your homework written by MS Word through blackboard system.The homework should not longer than 10-page limit (source code should put in the appendix). No late homework is allowed I. Congressional Voting Records (50%) http//archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Congressional+Voting+Records Go to the UCI Machine Learning Repository to download the Congressional Voting Records Data Set or download house-votes-84.csv file from blackboard. Then, chose at least two distinguishable classification methods (decision tree, rule-based, Bayesian, ANN, SVM, Ensemble) to predict party affiliation (democrat or republic an).You can use any kind of statistical software (such as mintab) or Excel to evidence the data exploration. Please spot it How do you handle the missing values? The reasons of choosing classification methods Classification method implementation or software usage prepare how you do the experiment? Which software package you are using? Or, you write your own program? Also, you need to specify all the parameters you are using for the chosen methods, and relieve how you make the adjustment. Result of 10-fold cross validation for each method Show your best resultModel comparisonII. Wisconsin Diagnostic Breast crabmeat (WDBC) (50%) http//archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Breast+Cancer+Wisconsin+(Diagnostic) Go to the UCI Machine Learning Repository to download Wisconsin Diagnostic Breast Cancer (WDBC) dataset or download wdbc-data.csv file from blackboard. Please make sure you download wdbc.data not wpbc.data. Then, chose at least two different classification methods (decision tree, rule-based, Bayesian, ANN, SVM, Ensemble) to predict diagnostic result (malignant or benign). You homework should contains avocation sections. 1. Data exploration You can use any kind of statistical software (such as mintab) or Excel to show the data exploration. Please PLOT it2. The reasons of choosing classification methods 3. Apply one dimension reduction technique on the dataset 4. Classification method implementation or software usage Specify how you do the experiment? Which software package you are using? Or, you write your own program? Also, you need to specify all the parameters you are using for the chosen methods, and explain how you make the adjustment. 5. Result of 10-fold cross validation for each method Show your best result 6. Model Comparison III. Extra credit (20%) Review several(prenominal) classification papers (at least one paper for each dataset) which use these two dataset for their experiment. Compare your result with them. Summarize what you found.

Business Plan Of Innovative Green Product Marketing Essay

Business Plan Of Innovative Green Product Marketing EssayThe coconut palm meat crop is great(p) in 14.3 million hect bes of land which constituted ab pop out 1.1 per cent of earn crop atomic number 18a of the world. And annual output is around 13.3 billion coconut kookie in the India. In 1000 hect bes of land approximately 1,47,000 trees can be intentionted and which can give 23 million coconuts. India contri exceptes almost 15.46 per cent in area and 21 per cent in terms of production of coconut in the world. The coconut crop is grown in eighteen States and three coalescence Territories. It is concentrated on the West Coast region of the country comprising the states of Kerala, Karnataka and Maharashtra, followed by East Coast of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Pondicherry.The coconut cultivation areas in any case traditionally find in the coastal region of Gujarat, Goa, West Bengal, Islands of Andaman Nicobar and Lakshadweep. Kerala is considered as the land of coconut and holds the key for the development of coconut.Coconut Development BoardCDB is a main disposal for the expansion and development of coconut industry. It is the main body which is attached to the coconut industry. Coconut Development Board is a statutory body established by the Government of India for the integrated development of coconut production and utilization in the country with focus on productivity increase and product diversification. The Board which came into domain on 12th January 1981, functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, with its Headquarters at Kochi in Kerala and Regional Offices at Bangalore in Karnataka, Chennai in Tamil Nadu and Guwahati in Assam. There are six State Centres situated at Bhubaneswar in Orissa, Calcutta in West Bengal, Patna in Bihar, Thane in Maharashtra, Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh and Port Blair in the aggregate Territory of Andaman Nicobar Islands.FUNCTIONS OF THE BOARDImpart ing technical advice to those eng antiquated in coconut cultivation and industry.Providing financial and other assistance for the expansion of area under coconut.supporting adoption of modern technologies for military operationing of coconut and its products.Adopting mea undisputables to get incentive expenditures for coconut and its products.Presentation of DataFor starting of any occupation, we required whatsoever food market look selective information. Data may be primary or secondary data. Primary data are those which are collected for the original time. And the secondary data are those data which are collected from secondary sources like research paper, circulars, guidelines, magazines etc. We have to gather data which can help us in find out the feasibility of project.Here in this business plan we have collected primary data through questionnaire and interview regularity. Also we have studied some important data from government agency like Coconut Development Board (C DB), Food Agricultural Organization (FAO) etc.Following are the data was collected.Consumer Survey was carried out.Around 1000 Questionnaire were filled out.65% respondents chosen infixed health Coconut WaterOut of this 65% the proportion of age aggroup of 18-35 years was around 70%.Market Availability/ Market PotentialityThe coconut is not only significant in socio cultural needs of our society, but also has gained considerable importance in the national economy as a potential source ofemployment and income generation among the plantation crops.In India cushioned assimilate and juice industry is very vast. India has a diverse agro-climatic condition due to which there exists a wide-ranging and large raw material base suited for food processing industries. India is the largest producer sugarcane, coconut etc. If we hatful up a plant, the availability of raw materials and infrastructure would be available to the entrepreneur.Indian modest drinking market is valued to be Rs.7 100 croreIn India soft drink companies have captured a large amount of market for colas and juice products. This is because of two reasons. low is India has a large population which can afford to consume a cola product with a reasonable price. Second is penetration of marketing activities carried out by marketers.In India the market for natural and health drink like coconut piss has not surpassed too lots. The reason may be lack of advertising efforts and lack of awareness among mickle about the coconut urine benefits. So if we just turn the preference of 1% of the soft drink colas consumers, it testament be great or huge market for coconut water. This is the reason of foc apply on soft drink market. The carbonated drinks are the mainstay and accounts for 85% of the amount of money soft drink market. There are also around 15% of the consumers prefer juice market. So they can be a little efforts required to shift their preference.Coconut water can be the part of the $19 bill ion sports drink market globallyIn todays fast and trying situation energy drink and sport drink are becoming more(prenominal) and more famous and favorable choice of consumers. Sports drink is useful to Athletes and sports enthusiasts to fill up electrolytes lost in perspiration. Coconut water contains more nutrition than any commercial sport drink.India being the less developed in nutritional aim and governments interest in increment up of nutritional productsIndias rank in health development and facilities is very lower. As the time passes, government is also winning interest in increasing the nutritional product expansion and health of the public gets superior. So it may be steering point for development of coconut water.Benefits of the productFirst of all to start any of the business, we have to recall about the benefits of the products and how it testament be marketed so that the maximum utilities of the product can be possible. The water of tender Coconut is a sterile , nutritious, aridness quenching health drink. The pure and sweet tender coconut possesses enormous therapeutic properties and is a thirst quenching refreshing health drink for all age groups. Tender coconut water has the same level of electrolytic balance as we suck in our blood.Numerous medicinal properties of tender coconut water reported are(Given by Coconut Development Board)Good for feeding infants suffering from intestinal disturbances.Oral rehydration mediumContains organic compounds possessing return promoting propertiesKeeps the body coolApplication on the body prevents prickly heat and summer boils and subsides the rashes ca apply by teeny-weeny pox, whiner pox, measles, etc.Kills intestinal wormsPresence of saline and albumen makes it a good drink in cholera casesChecks urinary infections.Excellent tonic for the old and cronkUseful for different diseasesUseful to Athletes and sports enthusiasts to replenish electrolytes lost in perspiration.Can be injected intraven ously in emergency case.Ingredients Nutritional FactsAs everyone knows about health benefits of coconut water. Coconut water is also used for long term benefits like smoothly digestion system, smooth urine system, maintains body temperature etc. In coconut water main ingredients has been elaborated as follows. These all facts about nutrition is taken into consideration per 100 ml of coconut water.Nutrition(Per 100 ml)chiliad (mg %)247Sodium (mg %)48Minerals (mg %)0.5Fat (mg %)0.1Calcium (mg %)40Magnesium (mg %)15Phosphorous (mg %)6.3Iron (mg %)79Copper (mg %)26Protein (mg %)0.1Production ProcessThe process from the starting to its final products is very easy. It does not require a high degree of mechanicals or engineering process.Coconut Water of 6-7 month stage is first filtered through pressure filters and then combineed with the desired proportion of additives plus sugar and concentrated to the appropriate level. The water is then packed in pouches/cans and retorted in an autoc lave, after which it is cooled in a stream of cold water.List of forgery to be usedCoconut water collection tank AutoclaveFilter linear mixing tankcoconut water storage tankVolumetric filling machineBaby boiler cranky material10000 Coconuts final examination product3100 litresDriving Forces for Coconut WaterAt the time of setting up of any business, we have to see possibilities or factors that can help us in developing/expanding our product line. Generally these are called driving forces of the product. Following are the driving forces for the coconut water.Abundant availability of raw materialAs we have seen that the India being the 3rd largest producers of coconut nuts globally. This production of crop has spread over the many states and union territories of India. So we can be sure about the continuously supply of raw materials throughout the year. The main season of procuring raw material is monsoon.Convenient in moving to final consumersGenerally, a coconut nut is heavy in wei ght and sometimes makes it difficult to carry in bulk. Even the time has come for case food and processing items. The marketability of packaged food and beverages has increased tremendously since last decades. So if coconut water is packaged in tetra pack or aluminum can or pouch, it testament be convenient in carrying at different places for different time.Increasing awareness about health consciousnessIn todays time people are tend to be more health conscious and prefer to natural eatable items. More specifically in metro cities or urban areas people have suffered too much from the disease and they are bearing the cost of hygiene foods. It is the result that coconut industry has developed by 2-3 times.Increasing dieses due to the soft drinks have awaked public more.Pure natural and hygiene product by sciencesIn todays warlike era, everything has to be prove and get it to be certified and registered with the relate agency for consumption. Coconut water is declared as pure natu ral and health drink by science. So it may also increase the chances of win over people to shifts their choice.Liberal Government policy towards healthier eatable itemsGovernment is also helping for promotion of healthy food and beverages. So for the coconut water promotion government policy may not be as strict as in the case of some others products.Increasing demand of By product like Ethanol coconut oil etc.It has been increasing amount of pet partum products. Thereby spreading pollutions and decreasing volumes of non-renewable sources of energy. Lignocellulose can be used for this purpose.9. Target marketIn the very beginning before launching of any product one has to think about their target market. Who testament be their target customers?For the successful launching of Coconut Water in the market, hobby consumers would be targeted.Youth people India being the youngest country in worldOld aged peoplePatients (Strong Focus)ChildrenLadies specially for pregnant ladiesIndia is the youth nation in the world. And youth people are tend to be more health awareness. Also India has a contend of opport unit of measurementies for the patients as we have large number of sick people every year. We can also target pregnant ladies. Because even the doctors are also suggesting to drink coconut water as a good medicine.10. Marketing and CommunicationAs we have studied earlier that the reason for not popularity of coconut water product into the market. So here extremely efforts would be towards the marketing and communication sentiments of marketing mix. Here we can consider important factors that affects to the final consumers. i.e. four Ps of marketing viz.PriceProductPlace forward motion.pricePrice of the product is very crucial and determinant of profit from that product. Especially here in the case of coconut water as we have to enter in that market which is dominated by giant companies with their giant operations of efficiency and marketing campaigns. At this s tage we can go for two options that is capturing market share with lower determine and creating awareness among public. And other option is charging competitive pricing with colas companies.Pricing introductory stageHere we go with this option preferably. At the introductory stage of launching of product we have to pull huge customer attention. So we willing keep our pricing at lower margin compare to the soft drink colas companies. At the initial stage we have decided price of Rs. 15 per 300 ml bottle.Competitive pricing to soft drinks and colasAs we start to grow our product into market, and research talks about the consumer awareness about coconut water into the market we will be able to charge competitive pricing to the colas companies.ProductThe second P of marketing is Product itself. It states followingHow should be the product?How should it be packed in attractive way?How should it be in size etc?How should it be looking externally?Here we will in the initial stage focus on 300 ml packaged in aluminum can. Afterwards in family size of 1 ltr,1.5 ltr and 5 ltr bottle. The main focus is on the external looking of the packing.PlaceThis P of marketing states about how product should be placed at different places so that there is maximum possibilities of sell. Place for Coconut Water includes followingHospital regionCollege areasSports areas Gym KhanaMallsCentral areas etccoffee houses or high end pungency shopsWith the hope of moving the product into a more mainstream setting, our distribution strategy aims at selling to larger distributors that directly capture our niche target markets. We plan on expanding from smaller localized grocery stores into mainstream action sport retailers including Sports Chalet, Sports Authority, larger surf retailers, 24 Hour Fitness, and Golds Gym. Our plans to move into these distribution channels with confidence, knowing the growing demand from our current selective target market.PromotionPromotion may be of two types i .e. product promotion and sale promotion.Product promotion Promotion of the products means making products more popular among the general public. Product promotion of Coconut Water includes-Advertising.Free sample distribution.Health awareness programs.Social networking sites etcYoga centersgross receipts promotionSales promotion means how to increase short run gross sales of the products. It denotes short run increase in sales.For the Coconut Water it includes-Discounted pricing for big quantities like family pack, executive pack or party packing.Presenting lucky draw prizes.Sponsoring some social events.Point of purchase11. By productsIn todays competitive era, cost reduction and maximum utilization of available resources has become very much important. It means in the production process, there should be a borderline wastage. Every component should be utilized as possible as their extent. Following are the coconut by products.Ethanol (lignocellulose waste)Though it is too much difficult to get liquid in terms of ethanol from wastage of shelf that is called lignocellulose waste. The reason for this coconut shelf has a large amount of glucose and minerals. If we are using huge amount of coconut shelf, it will be available for the by product.Coconut oilThere are so many producers in the market who makes coconut cop oil and also coconut edible oil. Coconut oil is used in the country as a cooking fat, hair oil, body oil and industrial oil. Coconut oil is made from fully dried copra having maximum moisture content of six per cent. Steam cooking of copra is also practiced by some millers to enhance the quality and aroma of oil. not bad(p) coconut oil is also manufactured in the country for industrial uses. Refined coconut oil is mainly used in the manufacture of biscuits, chocolates and other confectionery items, ice cream etc.12. Export OpportunitiesToday the extent of foreign trade has increased by many folds. Considering it as an opportunity we can also lo ok forward for export efforts of coconut water in packaged form.The countries like UAE, USA, Japan and UK are the major export destination for the products. Because these are the nations which have applied and maximum users of the product. Even this nations government also plays an active role in marketing of this healthy product.First and foremost we have to acquire IEC (Import Export Code). This code can be availed through the DGFT i.e. Director General of outside(prenominal) Trade. early(a) than this there are so many documents required for fulfillment of the regulations like LC, Leding Letter, GR form, FEC A/c with RBI, quality certificate, contract with the overseas and domestic deposit banks etc.We can also set up our plant at SEZ or EOU to avail the various government skims and subsidies.13. toll AnalysisThe very important aspect of any product or service is its price. Cost analysis includes from the beginning i.e. from the procurement of raw materials until it reaches to the final consumers. It is consisting of direct and indirect expenses.Purchase Rs. 4.50 per unitOther Cost Rs. 6.00 per unit1. Transportation Cost.2. Marketing Cost.3. Packaging Cost.4. Office Cost.5. Other Cost.Total Cost per Unit Rs. 10.50Selling price Rs. 15.00Less (Total cost) Rs. 10.50Profit per unit Rs. 4 .50Financial AspectsAs we know finance is a blood for any organization. As our body will not work without blood. Similarly business activities cannot be worked or done without availability of finance.Here in this B plan we have taken pretending for coming five years. We have calculate financial flow for five years. Because at least we should be clear about next five years about our business, though not at all sure.InvestmentTotal machinery cost Rs. 12 lakhsOther Fixed cost Rs. 20 lakhs (Including Working Capital)Total cost Rs. 32 lakhsTotal receipts interlock revenue in 1 year Rs. 54,00,000Total net revenue in 5 years Rs. 3,22,82,700Here machinery cost includes diffe rent types of machine required for carrying out the process. Other fixed cost includes land expenses, depreciation expenses, some lease expenses etc.Year wise calculation of revenue and growthYearSales(units)Per Unit Price(Rs.)Total Value(Amount)% Growth13,60,0001554,00,00023,78,0001556,70,000534,08,2401561,23,600844,57,2401568,58,6001255,48,7001582,30,50020Total21,52,18003,22,82,700Here we are setting target of monthly sales of 30,000 units thereby one-year sales in units will be around 3,60,000 units. By multiplying this by sales price of Rs. 15, we get net revenue of Rs. 54,00,00 at the end of initiative year.In the second year, we are setting target of 5% increase in sales volumes in 3rd year 8%, in quaternary year 12% and in the last year 20% growth in sales volume.If we sum up, we will have earned net revenue of Rs. 3,22,82,700 in five years of time (assuming that the selling price would remain the same and growth target will be achieved through).Profit Calculation cabbage r evenue Rs. 03,22,82,700Less fixed cost Rs. 32,00,000Less Variable cost Rs. 2,25,97,890Net Surplus -For five years Rs. 64,84,810Average profit per year Rs. 12,96,962 decease EVEN POINTFIXED COST Rs.32,00,000- = -CONTRIBUTION Rs. 4.507,11,111 UNITS===============BEP means at this stage No profit No loss. So it means till the sales volume of 7,11,111 units we will not have a profit. In second option if we want profit every year, we have to write off sufficient proportion of fixed cost from profit.15 .Financial Feasibility of ProjectBefore investing any amount in a project investor will think about its return. For this there are various method can be applied like Pay Back Period (PBP) method, IRR method or Net Present Value (NPV) method. Among this NPV is considered to be an appreciable method as it takes into account present value of future inflow. So here we will use NPV method to analyze the financial viability of project.Net Revenue Variable cost Fixed cost = Net surplus(In Rup ees)YearNet Revenue(Rs.)VariableCost(Rs.)FixedCost(Rs.)Net surplus(Rs.)PV factor 12%NPV(Rs.)154,00,00037,80,0006,40,0009,80,0000.8938,75,140256,70,00039,69,0006,40,00010,61,0000.7978,85,617361,23,60042,86,5206,40,00011,97,0800.7128,52,320468,58,60048,01,0206,40,00014,17,5800.6369,01,580582,30,50057,61,3506,40,00018,29,1500.56710,37,128Total32,00,00045,51,787We will calculate NPV 12% rate of return i.e. our required rate of return.We have total fixed cost of Rs. 32,00,00 spreading in five years of life. So per year we will write off equal proportion which is Rs. 6,40,000.So we will get net surplus every year by deducting variables and fixed cost from net revenue.If NPV 1 project is selectedIf NPV If NPV = 1 project may be selectedConclusionHere in this project NPV 1. So project should be selected.As the total sum of future flow at present is greater than its investment made. Here our NPV is Rs. 45,51,787 and our investment outlay was Rs. 32,00,000.. Challenges/ Limiting factors fo r growthMarket Dominated by soft drinks companiesAs we can see in the market that the colas and drinking market is well dominated by giant colas companies. So As a new player in the market it will be tough to sell our product. And specially to convince to try a new one which is not entertaining or any status to the final consumers. So we have to work upon this and have to make proper strategies and programs to capture a market share. racy popularity of soft drinks and colas among youthsAs our youth people are most consuming colas. There is too much marketing penetration on youth. So bedridden be difficult task to make our product more popular. Because unless our product is popular, no one is going to buy it or no one will know about our existence in the market. We have to divert maximum efforts towards the marketing funda.Challenges to maintain health standard of product as it is a natural productAs we are marketing our product as a natural product, we have to be very quality consc ious and obey standards set by various laws. If we fail in that, competitors will take advantage of it and they will start spreading wrong rumors into market which will cause our last sales volumes.From the view point of lower income society, it is an Exploiting business. As it reduces their employmentIn majority case, coconuts are sold by small vendors on the roadside. Generally they are lower class people. They run their family on daily income basis. So if we start selling coconut water in packaged form, it may happen that small vendors sales will decline and consequently there will be negative impact on the family running. So they may also start a unethical social activities. So we have to find out solution to overcome these challenges. Here we can make them our vendors. And also we can follow the model of supplier and franchise.No longer life/Changes in taste in long period of timeIf the coconut water comes in touch with air, indoors 24 hours it will spoil. We will not be able to drink it. The reason is some important bacteria evaporate from it. So as a solution we have to use scientific preservative technology and packaging techniques. Here we can add some additives which is natural and not harmful. We cant mix any hazardous chemicals like soft drink colas.17. LawsFor doing any business we have to follow the rules and regulations, policies of government laws. Here especially we are in urbane and packaged food business. Also we are dealing with agro food as raw materials. So we have to take into consideration various laws. Below is the magnetic dip of laws that we have to consider.Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA), 1954The Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1976The Standards of Weights and Measures (PackagedCommodities) Rules, 1977The Insecticide Act, 1968.Export (Quality Control and Inspection) Act, 1963.Environment Protection Act, 1986.The Food Safety and Standards Act, 200618. ConclusionAs it is a natural and energy productPeople are bec oming more health consciousComing time is of natural itemsMarket is broadRaw material and environment is appreciableHealthy government policies and subsidiesEvery coin has two sides. Similarly it has also pros and cons of starting up of unit. But after analyzing facts and situation, the more possible weight goes towards its favorable.

The Electrostatic Energy Harvesting Engineering Essay

The exerciseless Energy Harvesting Engineering Essaythis paper presents a general idea of the unchanging animation harvesting devices. Their working principle, harvesting method and basic designs will be expounded. And another cardinal new approaches, 2D heftiness harvester and non-resonant aptitude harvester with curl concourse will be shown. The 2D get-up-and-go harvester can harvest aught in arbitrary directions in a plane. And non-resonant dynamism harvester with rolling mass shows its low frequency capability. It can harvest 0.5 W at 10Hz. Further improvement of this design may applied to competency harvesting from human body motion.IntroductionGenerally, batteries are the most reliable power source for electronic devices. It is powerful, easy to use. However, it can only provide regular power for a limited period. After that, the batteries construct to be changed. Therefore, for those devices that catch large amount of number or in inaccessible position. Batter ies are not worthy for them. Energy harvesting devices are one of the attractive options of these applications. Energy harvesters can harvest cleverness from different ambient sources such as solar, thermal and vibration. In these cases, solar is not a reliable source, temperature gradients are modest, vibration seems the more abundant, stable and predictable choices.Currently, three major methods apply to vibration energy harvesting, electromagnetic, electrostatic and piezoelectric mechanisms. Each technique has its own advantages. Lot of articles did research and provided good conclusion on them. 1-3Electrostatic energy harvesting device has the last energy harvesting capabilities in these three mechanisms, but it has the most specific advantages. It facilitates CMOS integration 4. That means it can realize self-power integrated circuits as an on-chip power source. It similarly environment protects. Unlike piezoelectric and electromagnetic counterparts that require exotic mat erials. Electrostatic devices are mainly made of silicon.5This paper will focus on the legitimate electrostatic harvesting research. Its working principle and harvesting processes will be discussed in the first part. Some new approaches will also be presented.electrostatic harvestingOperating PrincipleThe electrostatic harvesters harness the work done against the electrostatic force of a multivariate capacitor. In other words, the vibrations cause the cranny distance or crossing area of a parallel plate capacitor to vary under constant steering or voltage condition. This causes the electrical condenser change of parallel plate capacitor and produces electrical energy.The fundamental definition is given by the formula below.C=Q/V (1)Where C is capacitance of variable capacitor in farads, Q is the charge on the plate in coulombs and V is the voltage on the plates in voltsC= (A/d) (2)Where A is the overlap area of the plates in and d is the distance mingled with the plates in m. T his equation shows the capacitance is proportional to A and reverse proportional to d.(3)E is the work done in joules.If the charge Q is held constant, then V will vary as C changes because of their inverse proportional relationship. Then from, the relation between voltage and capacitor energy is square rather than linear. As a result, the work done will increase as the C decrease. That provides the harvested energy. Similar smallg happens when the voltage V is held constant and Q varies. 1They are known as the voltage-constrained method and charge-constrained method. 6 In the recent applications, the charge-constrained method is more popular over the voltage-constrained method as the voltage-constrained method requires an extra charge beginning to keep the voltage in a constant value, while the charge-constrained method only requires one. 4For charge constrained system, as shown in Figure 1 the energy conversion cycle starts as the variable capacitance reaches it maximum Cmax. T he charging process is represented by the elbow room from point A to Point B in figure 1. At point B, the energy stored can be shown as,(4)From point B to point C, an external charge reservoir is connected in nightspot to keep the charge constant. The capacitance is starting decreasing as the overlap area A decreases or the distance between the plates d increases. The voltage is inverse proportional to the capacitance which is why the voltage increases in this period. This period is the actual mechanical to electrical conversion period. The energy stored at point C is now,(5)The path from point C to point A is the discharging of the charge on the variable capacitor back into the charge reservoirThe whole process forms a comely energy conversion cycle. And the amount of energy gain is,(6)Usually there is a parallel capacitor is connected parallel with the variable capacitor in order to limit the maximum voltage that might damage the system during the harvesting. Then the energy eq uation is becoming,(7)Figure 1. Charge-constrained energy conversion cycle.B. Steps of energy harvestingThe vibration cycle in an electrostatic energy harvester has three steps, pre-charge, harvest and reset. Figure 2.Figure 2. vibration cycle of electrostatic harvester.In the system, the variable capacitor is pre-charged to the battery voltage, and then the capacitor is connected to the battery. The circuit has no current flow at first since the capacitor and battery have same voltage level. But with the separation of the capacitor plates or the decreases of overlap area, the voltage increases with the decrease of capacitance. Charge therefore flows into the batteries and energy is harvested. When the capacitance reaches lower limit value, the energy left in the capacitor will be driven back to the batteries and ready for the next cycle.C. Basic DesignsThese three mechanisms in the figure 3 are the three basic design structures of the electrostatic harvesters, in-plane overlap conv erter, in-plane infract- closing curtain converter and out-of-plane gap-closing converter. The in-plane overlap converter varies its capacitance by changing the overlap area between plunder out fingers the in-plane gap-closing converter varies its capacitance by change the displacement between comb fingers and the out-of-plane gap closing converter varies its capacitance by change the gap between the centre proof mass and two electrode plates.The most of the current designs of electrostatic harvesters are based on these three basic designs.Figure 3. (a) in-plane overlap converter. (b) in-plane gap-closing converter. (c) out-of-plane gap closing converter.D. Comparison in these three designsYe Mei Lim8 did a study on the proceeds energy for these three designs. Firstly the in-plane overlap and in-plane gap closing converters were compared. The Cmax for the one set of comb fingers were 0.122pF and the Cmin can be treat as zero since the application of silicon nitride dielectric co ating which is a very thin layer of chemical (up to 0.1m) that can electrically isolate the electrodes even the plates contacts with each other4. While using the same set of comb fingers, the Cmax were 0.149nF and Cmin were 0.122pF. By applying equation (7), the in-plane overlap converter harvests 1000 times less than in-plane gap closing converter. Then with the simulation of both in-plane gap closing converter and out-of-plane gap closing converter. The results were put up out that the in-plane gap closing mechanism is approximately 1.8 times that of the out-of-plane gap closing mechanism for load volumes between 5 and 50.NEW APPRAOCHESA. 2D Electrostatic HarvesterMost of the past electrostatic harvesters are only one degree of freedom. They can only harvest energy via one direction of motion. Y. Zhu fabricates a 2 degree of freedom electrostatic transducer for energy harvesting with vibrancy frequencies of 38520 Hz and 38725 Hz. It can scavenge energy in arbitrary directions in a plane with two resonance frequency peaks. Also an ultrasound-based method for powering the device is presented.Y. Zhus design includes a 2 degree of freedom motion mechanism. The seismic mass is coupled with both frames as shown in figure 3 with elastic flexures. This design makes the device be able to detect both movements in X and Y frames and also decouples the X and Y movements of the mass.Figure 4. Two degree of freedom motion mechanism to harvest any direction in-plane vibration energyFigure 5 shows the SEM image of the 2-DOF electrostatic transducer. And table I are the line parameters of this design. The width difference of X frame and Y frame gives the transducer two different resonance frequencies. The primary resonance frequency at 39238 Hz and second at 39266 Hz. That gives a 302 Hz of -10dB bandwidth. It is twice of the 1D resonator. This device can triumph 10mV through a 1M ohm resistive load and harvest 0.1 nW power. Since this transducer can be power by an ultras onic generator of frequency close to its resonance frequency. Since the ultrasonic is relatively safer than other power sources. This design may be useful for functions in medical environment.Figure 5. SEM image of the 2-DOF electrostatic transducer.Table 1. key parameter of the 2-DOF energy harvesterB. Non-Resonant electrostatic harvester with rolling massM.E.Kiziroglous design 10-11 focuses on maximizing the proof mass. In this design, an external free rolling proof mass is introduced. The mechanical energy is proportional to the proof mass, bigger mass generates more energy. This design is a non-resonant device. This property gives it wider applications.Figure 6. (a) Device structure. (b) eq circuit of the deviceThe Device structure is shown in figure 6(a). Figure (b) is the equivalent circuit of the device. The stainless steel rod acts as the contact switches and comb finger. When the steel rod is aligned with one of the strip electrodes, it connects with a Cu input Contacts to pre-charge the rod. That generates an electrostatic force between the rod and the strip electrode. That pulls the rod outside from the strip electrode and reduces the capacitance at constant charge. The rod then disconnects with the input contact and makes the contact with a discharge electrode. The energy will be transferred as a high voltage pulse. The test of the current model of this device reveals a capacitance ratio of 4 and demonstrates a voltage gain of 2.4.after Kiziroglou provides an advanced design of that 12. This time the glass substrate is form in a cylindrical shape. Figure 7 is fabrication and optical images of the device. The first prototype is characterised with plate size 1 x 10 mm and SiO2 dielectric thickness of 50 nm. A 10 mm-long, 2.5 mm-diameter steel rod was used. A minimum capacitance of 2 pF and a maximum of 9 pF are observed. The voltage gain is 3 corresponds to a priming voltage 30V. The power generation is 0.5W when the rod oscillation frequency at 10 Hz. The biggest advantage of this device is the capability of low frequency. That makes the human body motion as a suitable motion sources for it.Figure 7. Fabrication and optical imagesconclusionThe focus of this paper is to present the general idea current achievement of electrostatic energy harvesting. And it gives a related reference for the group project. For most of the electrostatic harvester designs, a relatively high resonant frequency comparing with human body motion is need. However, the low frequency capability of the non-resonant energy harvester with rolling mass shows the possibility of the application of this technology in the projects. Additionally, most of the current devices only have one degree of freedom. The 2D energy harvester design can harvest arbitrary directions motion in a plane, which sufficiently increases the power output of device. However, it needs a high frequency. That makes it not suitable for the requirement of the project.

Limitations Of Text Based Image Retrieval Psychology Essay

Limitations Of Text Based Image reco actually Psychology EssaySome generation a relevant photo might be left break owed to the absence of specific keywords. While often there might be no relevant textual matter surrounding the escorts or pictures, but they atomic number 18 relevant. In fact, there might exist images or movies where the surrounding text has nothing to do with them. In these cases, these returned results might be irrelevant and hit nothing in usual with the required images and videos.The early(a) approach uses the annotation of the images and vides and is often a manual task. The text- ground technique first annotates with text, and then uses text-establish recovery techniques to per nisus image and video convalescence. Annotation of images and videos lets the substance abuser to annotate the image with the text (metadata) that is considered relevant. The text preservenister be time, event, location, participants or whatever the user finds relevant.2.6.1 .1. Limitations of Text based Image RetrievalNevertheless, there exist deuce major bafflingies, especially when the volume of image collections is large with hundreds of thousands samples. One is the huge amount of kind labor required in manual image/video annotation and is very time-consuming. Textual based recuperation cannot append the perceptual significant optic vaunts like dissimulation, plaster cast, texture Bimbo. 1999. The other difficulty comes from the rich heart and soul in the images and the subjectivity of human perception which is more essential. The annotation of the image and videos completely take cares on the annotation interpretation Enser et al 1993 i.e. antithetic people may perceive the same image differently as shown in the figure 3 . The perception subjectivity and annotation impreciseness may cause unrecoverable mismatches in later retrieval processes. And to retrieve the required data the user constructs a query consisting of the keywords that de scribes the desired image and video. Although the text based retrieval system has gained benefits of traditionally successful schooling retrieval algorithms and techniques.Figure 3 Multiple interpretation of same images Park like Tree, Sky, Horse, People, Ridding, delightful Day, OutdoorCritics of text-based approach dispute that for accurate image annotation it must be automated. The automatic annotation is limited due to its deficiency of extracting semantic education from the images and videos. Only automatic annotation of images and videos in integration with pure text-based image retrieval will be inadequate. The available metadata is mostly restricted to the technical information surrounding the image or video, such as time, resolution of the image or video and name of the image or video.The users may find it difficult to use text to perform a query for some portion of the content of an image or video. Text-based retrieval techniques argon absolutely limited to seek the me tadata that is tagged to the image or video. If the text queried is not annotated with the same tag as attached with the image or video, the data is not returned. This means that if a particular piece of the image or video is interesting this must be explicit included in the metadata. If the desired object is not a main part of the image or video, sometimes it may happen that is not described in the metadata and hence cannot be a retrieve as a result from a query describing such portions of the image or video.One of the disadvantages of text-based image retrieval is that a word can have different meanings. This problem is best illustrated with an example, chaseing for the images or videos of jaguar or Apple. The system cant differentiate either the user is looking for the jaguar elevator car or jaguar animal as shown in the figure 4. The two concepts have the same name but contain an entirely different semantic idea. The retrieval systems dont have reliable manners to separate th e concepts. These problems argon present even in systems with automatic synonym lists or thesaurus capabilities Schank et al. 2004. There exist several(prenominal) text-based image retrieval services today, Google is a large player. Google is the largest player but still faces the same problem.Figure 4 Same name different SemanticsAttempts have been made to make the tags attached to the image or videos more flexible by attaching vast number of descriptive words. The thesaurus based annotation or knowledge based annotation has gained lots of the researchers attention Tring et al. 2000. Recent development in video retrieval has foc utilize on baffles that combine several modalities for critical point indexing and retrieval.Consideration to the demands, researchers concluded that opthalmic traits play a crucial role in the effective retrieval of digital data. This initiates to the development of the content based image and video retrieval Venters et al. 2000.2.6.2. Content based I mage RetrievalThe need to manage these images and locate target images in response to user queries has change by reversal a significant problem. One way to solve this problem would be describing the image by keywords. The keyword based approach has a bottleneck of manually compose and classifying the images and videos, which is im applicative for the overwhelm corpuses. The human perception subjectivity problem may affect the performance of the retrieval system.Current commercial image and video search engines retrieve the data mainly based on their keyword annotations or by other data attach with it, such as the file-name and surrounding text. This relinquishes the actual image and video more or less ignored and has been following limitations. First, the manual annotation of images requires significant effort and thus may not be practical for large image collections. Second, as the complexity of the images increases, capturing image content by text alone becomes increasingly more difficult.In seeking to overcome these limitations, content-based retrieval (CBR) was proposed in the early 1990s Baeza-Yates et al. 1999. Content-based means that the technology makes direct use of content of the image and video rather than relying on human annotation of metadata with keywords. Content-based retrieval (CBR) research endeavors to devise a retrieval system that exploits digital content in the retrieval process in a manner that is eventually self-employed person of manual work. CBR is an umbrella term for content-based multimedia retrieval (CBMR), content based visual information retrieval (CBVIR), content-based image retrieval (CBIR), content-based video retrieval (CBVR) and content-based audio retrieval (CBAR). CBR may also be termed as multimedia information retrieval (MIR).Content based retrieval extract the rollick of the image or video themselves and use it for retrieval rather than the user generated meat data. CBR uses the primitive features of the image an d video like the saturation, shape, texture, motion etc. Sharmin et al. 2002. Content based system index the images and videos automatically by development different techniques for their visual contents.For the computer, a video is merely a group of frames with a temporal feature, where each frame is basically an image. The computer take each image as a combination of pixels characterize by the low-level change, shape and texture. CBR represents these features in the form of vectors called the descriptors of the image or video. CBR extract these primitive features by using automated techniques and then further use it for searching and retrieval. Thus, these low-level visual features extraction from images and videos has initiated to the many research in the CBR Veltkamp et al 2000.A typical CBIR system should be able to interpret the content of the images in a query and a collection, compare the alike(p)ity surrounded by them, and rank the images in the collection according to their degree of relevance to the users query Tamura at al. 1984. The figure 5 shows the typical content based retrieval system. Retrieval deals with the problem of finding the relevant data from the collection of images or videos according to the user request. The user request may be in the form of the textual data or in the form of query by example. Its relatively palmy to extract the low level features from the images and videos in the query as well as in the collection and then compare it.Figure 5 natural Architecture of Content Based RetrievalThe paramount objective of CBR is efficiency during image and video search and retrieval, thereby reducing the need for human intervention. Computer can retrieve the images and videos by using CBR techniques from the large corpus without the human assumption. These low level extracted features then represent the image or video and these features are used later on for performing the similarity comparison between the other images or videos in the corpus. These extracted features serve like a signature for images and videos. Images and videos are compared by using different similarity comparison techniques. They are compared by calculating the dissimilarity of its characteristic components to other image or video descriptors.CBR approach shows substantial results with the queries like show me the images or videos of the red excuse, Show me the image with low seeming is above the green annotate etc. The available automated CBR techniques deal such a type of queries elegantly but flunk to cope with the high level semantic queries like Show me the images or videos of the people in the park, people on the beach, car on the road etc. Such type of queries cannot be tackled successfully by the CBR systems. These queries require more sophisticated techniques to extract the actual semantics abstracted inside it. Related work in CBR from the perspective of images can be found from the overview studies of Rui et al. 1999, Sm eulders et al. 2000, Vasconcelos et al. 2001, Eakins 2002, Kherfi et al. 2004, Datta et al. 2005 , Chen et al. 2004, Dunckley 2003, Santini. 2001 Santini et al.2001, Lew et al. 2001, and Bimbo et al. 1999.CBIR has received considerable research interest in the last decade Vasconcelos et al. 2001 and has evolved and matured into a distinct research field. The CBIR mainly comprises of two main steps feature extraction and the similarity measurement. These key technical components of the CBIR system will be introduced in the following sections.2.6.2.1. Feature ExtractionImages are described by visual words just like text is trammeld by textual wordsIn fact, an image or a video frame is merely a rectangular grid of contorted pixels for a computer. And to a computer an image doesnt mean anything, unless it is told how to interpret it. Image and video descriptors are intended for the motive of image or video retrieval. Descriptors seek to apprehend the image or video characteristics in such a way that it is facile for the retrieval system to identify how similar two images or videos are according to the users interest. CBR system index images or videos by using the low-level features of the image and videos itself, such as rubric catch et al. 1998, Smith et al. 1996a, Swain et al. 1991, texture Manjunath et al.1996, Sheikholeslami et al. 1994, Smith et al. 1996b, shape Safar. M et al. 2000, Shahabi et al. 1999, Tao et al. 1999 , and structure features Pickering et al. 2003, Howarth et al. 2005. The color, shape and texture are the principal features of the images. The visual contents of images and videos are then symbolized as a feature vector of floating numbers. For example, the touch, texture and shape features extracted from an image form an N-dimensional feature vector, and can be written asWhere is a vector of its own, and is the colour, is texture and n3 is the shape. While for the video there is an additional vector, where is the motion. In the followi ng section, we introduce the visual features to give an impression of how images and video framesncan be converted into a representation that the retrieval system can work with.2.6.2.1.1. pretextA very common way to see at images is by analyzing the colour in they contain. Colour is the most prominent visual feature in CBIR since it is well correlated with human visual perceptions of objects in an image. A digital colour image is represent as an array of pixels, where each pixel contains three or four tuples of colour components represented in a numerical form. The abstract mathematical representation of colours that computers are able to use is known as the colour model.The similarity between the images and the videos is steerd by using the color histogram value. The histogram depicts the specific determine of the pixels inside the image or video frame. The current color based retrieval techniques divides the image into regions by using color proportion. The color based techni que doesnt depend on the size and orientation of an image.Since 1980s various color based retrieval algorithms have been proposed Smith et al. 1996 c. A most basic form of color retrieval involves specifying color values that can be further used for retrieval. Indeed, Googles image and Picasa 3.0, can also provide the facility to the user to search the images that contain homogenous color composition. The most common representation of color information is in the form of color histogram and color upshot. pretense anglogram Zhou X.S. et al. 2002, correlogram Huang J. et al 1997, color co-occurrence matrix (CCM) Shim S. et al. 2003 are some of the other feature representations for color.Figure 6 colorise based image interpretation2.6.2.1.1.1. Color SpacesThere are many color spaces designed for different systems and standards, but most of them can be converted by a simple transformation.i. RGB (Red-Green-Blue) Digital images are normally represented in RGB color space it is the mos t commonly use color space in computers. It is a device dependent color space, which used in CRT monitors.ii. CMY (Cyan-Magenta-Yellow), CMYK (CMY-Black) It is a subtractive color space for printing, it models the effect of color ink on white paper. Black component is use for enhancing the effect of black color.iii. HSB (Hue, Saturation, Brightness) or HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) It was used to model the properties of human perception. It is an additive color model. However it is inconvenient to calculate color distance due to its discontinuity of hue at 360.iv. YIQ, YCbCr, YUV Used in television broadcast standards. Y is the luminance component for backward compatibility to monochrome prognostic and other components are for chrominance. It is also used in some image compression standards (e.g. JPEG) that process luminance and chrominance separately.Figure 7 The additive colour model HSV2.6.2.1.1.2. Color ModelsA color model is an abstract mathematical model describing the way col ors can be represented as tuples of numbers, typically as three or four values or color components. When this model is associated with a precise description of how the components are to be interpreted (viewing conditions, etc.), the resulting set of colors is called color space1. A color model is a formularized system for composing different of colors from a set of primary colors. There are two types of color models, subtractive and additive.An additive color model uses light emitted directly from a source. The additive color model typically uses primary color i.e. red, green and blue light to produce the other colors. Combination of any two of these additive primary colors in equal amounts produces the additive secondary coil colors or primary subtractive model colors i.e. cyan, magenta, and yellow. Integration of all these three colors RGB in equal intensities constitute white as shown in the Figurea8 a.Figure 8 (a) RGB Additive Color for light-emitting computer monitors. Each co lored light add to the previous colored lights.A subtractive color model illustrates the blending of paints, dyes, and natural colorants to produce a full series of colors, each generated by subtracting (absorbing) some wavelengths of light and reflecting the others. Colors observed in subtractive models are the due to reflected light. Different wavelength lights constitute different colors. The CMYK model (Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-blacK) model is the subtractive model. The combination of any two of these primary subtractive model color i.e.(Cyan, Magenta, Yellow) results in the primary additive model or secondary subtractive model color i.e. red, blue, green and the convergence of it constitute black color as shown in the figure 8 b.Figure 8 (b) CMYK Subtractive colors for Printer. Each color added to the first color blocks the reflection of color, thus subtracts color.For some of the concepts the color scheme helps in achieving suitable results like forest, sky, tree, grass, sea etc. T he color descriptor will help in retrieving the accurate results. But for the categories like the car, house, road etc. Color descriptors cant play a vital role. The color descriptor will fail in a situation of the same car with different colors as shown in the figure 9. For the retrieval based on the color two most frequently used representative are color histogram and color moment. These representatives are represented in the section below.Figure 9 Same Car with different color compositiona. Color HistogramA histogram provides a summary of the distribution of a set of data. A color histogram provides a comprehensive overview of the image or video frame in monetary value of color. A colour histogram for a coloured image describes the different intensity value distributions for colours found in the image. The histogram intent to define the number of times each color appears in an image/video frame. Statistically, it utilizes a property that images having similar contents should ha ve a similar color distribution. One simple approach is to count the number of pixels of each color and plot into a histogram. The histogram h of an image I is represented asH(I)=Where pi is the percentage of i-th color in the color space, N is the number of colors in the color space. To enable scaling invariant property, the histogram sum is normalized to 1. The percentage is proportional to the number of pixels in the image.Figure 10 Shows the Color HistogramMostly commercial CBR systems like Query-By-Image-Content uses color histogram as one of the feature for the retrieval. Colors are normally class in bins, so that every occurrence of a color contributes to the overall score of the bin it belongs to. The bin explains the intensities of different primary color i.e. quantity of red, blue or green for a particular pixel. It doesnt define individual color of the pixels. Histograms are usually normalized, so that images of different sizes can be fairly compared. The colour histogra m is the most commonly and effectively used colour feature in CBIR Swain et al. 1991, Faloutsos et al. 1994, Stricker et al. 1995, Deselaers et al. 2008, Chakravarti et al. 2009 and Smeulders et al. 2000. Retrieving an images based on the colors technique is widely used because it does not depend on image size or orientation.The most common method to create a colour histogram is by splitting the range of the RGB intensity values into equal-sized bins. For example, a 24-bit RGB colour space contains 224 possible (RGB) values. Since this gives us approximately 16.8 million bins, it will be too large to be dealt with efficiently. Therefore, we need to quantize the feature space to a smaller number in order to reduce memory size and processing time as examples Stricker et al. 1995, Swain et al. 1991 have proposed techniques for colour space quantization. After having defined the bins, the numbers of pixels from the image that fall into each bin are counted. A colour histogram can be use d to define the different distributions of RGB intensity values for a whole image, known as a global colour histogram, and for specific regions of an image, known as a local anaesthetic colour histogram. For a local colour histogram, the image is divided into several regions and a colour histogram is created for each region.A histogram refinement strategy has been proposed by Pass for comparing the images Pass et al.1996. Histogram refinement splits the pixels in a given bucket into several classes, based upon some local property. Within a given bucket, only pixels in the same class are compared. They describe a split histogram called a color coherence vector (CCV), which partitions each histogram bucket based on spatial coherence. Han et al. 2002 proposed a new color histogram representation, called fuzzy color histogram (FCH), by considering the color similarity of each pixels color associated to all the histogram bins through fuzzy-set membership function. This approach is prove s very fast and is further exploited in the application of image indexing and retrieval.The paradigm of the color histogram works on the assumption that all the images or videos frames with the similar color composition are similar Jain et al. 1995. It will retrieve all the data whose color composition is similar to the given query. This will be square(a) in some cases. Color composition cant be the identity of the image or object inside the image.Color MomentColor moment approach was proposed by Stricker et al. 1995. It is a very compact representation of color feature. The mathematical meaning of this approach is that any color distribution can be characterized by its moments. Moreover, most of the information is concentrated on the low-order moments, only the first moment, second and third central moments (mean, variance and skewness) were extracted as the color feature representation. Color similarity can be measured by Weighted Euclidean distance. Due to the ease and sound per formance of color histogram technique it is widely used in color based retrieval systems.Color is the human visual perceptual property. Human discriminate an images or objects initially on the undercoat of colors. Color can be extracted from the digital data easily and automated and effective functions are available for calculating the similarity between the query and the data corpus. Color feature are effectively used for indexing and searching of color images in corpus.The existing CBIR techniques can typically be categorized on the basis of the feature it used for the retrieval i.e. color, shape, texture or combination of them. Color is an extensively utilized visual attribute that plays a vital role in retrieving the similar images Low et al. 1998. It has been observed that even though color plays a crucial role in image retrieval, when combined with other visual attributes it would yield much better results Hsu et al. 1995. This is because, two images with entirely similar col or compositions, may have different color composition and sometimes two images have same color composition but they are not similar as shown in the figure. Hence something that looks similar is not semantically similar. The color composition of both(prenominal) the images in figure 11 is same but they depict the entirely different semantic idea. By analyzing both the images using the color based retrieval techniques both the images are similar

How to say no Summary :: essays research papers

Chapter 1- Saying No The BasicsIn the first chapter of How to Say No Without Feeling Guilty, the authors present the basics of saying no. further why say no? Many times people are persuaded into doing things they dont want to do, simply because they cant find the right words to say no. Another reason why people dont say no is because they are afraid of what the person will think of them if they say no. I can understand this, because many times I have found myself doing things for people because I couldnt think of a good free to get myself out. After reading the first chapter, I intentional the basic proficiencys to politely saying no. The first one is surprisingly simplejust buy more time. If you can put off your closing to accepting a request from someone, you then have the time to really think about what it will take to satisfy the other person. One of the phrases they suggested was, I need to find out if I work first. As a college student, my work schedule is anything but con sistent, so that phrase will be great for me to use. Another suggestion was to say you have a policy against doing something. Its good because it lets the person know how important it is to do what you need to do. But for me, I dont think this would be any good, because my friends wouldnt buy the fact that I have a policy. The prevention technique seemed like it would be a good one. I have a friend who whenever I see, he always wants to go out to a banding and drink. I normally dont mind, but if I go over to visit him and Im not in the mood to go out, he will insist that we go anyways. Prevention would be good in this case because if I dont feel like divergence out that night, I should probably just avoid this friend entirely. Lying to someone in order not to hurt them, or the face-saving excuse is also a good tactic. If an unattractive girl were to ask me out, I wouldnt utter her no because I thought she was unattractive. I would probably tell her that I have a lot of work to do for the next couple of months, and I dont really have time to be going out with her.

Cold War Essay -- essays research papers

The frosty state of war, 1949-196325.1 American Commitment to Cold War National Security Council Document 681.How NSC-68 influenced Americas response to Communist unification Koreas invasion of South Korea in June 1950 and to Communist expansion in Southeast Asia in the 1960s. The NSC-68 called for military assistance programs that would meet the requirements of our allies. Since South Korea was an ally, we assisted them in repelling the invasion of another communist nation. This help for South Korea meant that a communist nation would be weakened and therefore possibly cripple a potential ally for the Soviet Union. Also, South Korea would then respond to a call for aid if the Soviet Union ever attacked America. 2.The implications of NSC-68 for military spending by the United States and its allies. The NSC-68 stated that budgetary considerations will need to be subordinated to the stark fact that our very independence as a nation may be at stake. This meant that no matter how mu ch it cost to build up our military, it would be done in order to protect our nation. Also, the rebuilding of European economies and defenses in order to try and contain Russian expansion without armed conflict, lead to the help of European powers having to return the favor of having their economies rebuilt with helping the United States in the Cold War.3.The implications of the call for covert actions in NSC-68. Covert actions in the NSC-68 implies that the United States was not ready for another war so soon after World War II. Also, the Soviet Union had developed atomic weapons, which meant that the Soviet Union could cause mass destruction in the United States. However, America was unwilling to allow the communist nation of the Soviet Union to expand and gain enough power to crush the United States. So the government decided to use covert operations which would hurt their economy and cause unrest in the Soviet Union.25.2 American Public Opinion and the Korean War, 1950-19521.What these responses reveal about attitudes toward American involvement in the Korean War. At the beginning, American opinion supported the war in Korea. However, as time went on, the American opinion changed because we no longer had a build chance of winning the war. People then c... ...tution given rights were ignored as well. The Red Scare was therefore similar to McCarthyism in the 1950s because it was a driveway against communism that many people had. The Smith Act was passed which prevented the teaching of overthrowing the government and forced all foreign residents over the age of 14 to register their stemma and political beliefs.3.How successful were United States responses to the Soviet Union in the 1950s? Were there alternatives to these responses? Eisenhower did a brilliant job in his responses to the Soviet Union in the 1950s. He kept the Soviet Union from expanding by rebuilding the economies of the war struck countries in Europe. Had technology developed that would all ow the United States to spy on other countries armaments and military actions without exposing ourselves to any risk. Entered nine treaties that would make attacking the United States bring down a multitude of other countries attacks. Eisenhower also developed a large amount of nuclear devices that would allow the United States to respond to any attack with powerful force. Eisenhower could not have developed a better schema to hold back the Russians.