Wednesday, July 31, 2019
A World at Arms: A World War II Book Review Essay
Abstract            This book authored by a great historian Gerhard L. Weinberg is exceptionally written with impressive research. It integrated all the aspects of war – diplomatic, political, economic, and even cultural. In addition, the book has given an overview of how the different theatres of World War II are interconnnected. This paper explores on the author as an expert of this time period, on the book as an account of history, and its impact to the world.  A World at Arms: A World War II Book Review An Overview            The truth about wars is that many facts would always be concealed and altered. There are numerous instances where events that transpired were never recorded, and many evidences were deliberately destroyed. Therefore weaving the entire tragedy is a very difficult task, and people could only carefully integrate the pieces together, whether they fit or not. World War II is exceptionally difficult for many historians for it is composed of many different theatres, for indeed the world was ultimately at war. The author of â€Å"A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II†Gerhard L. Weinberg has done the next to impossible, to write a single volume that ecompasses all the aspects of war, without sacrificing its value as a piece of literature.            Gerhard L. Weinberg is an expert historian who has enough authority to write about this period of the greatest war in the history of mankind. He has previously written a duely recognized two-volume account of the diplomatic affairs of Adolf Hitler. He is also credited for discovering and editing the second published book of Hitler. Not only is he well versed on this global conflict, he is also largely exposed on extensive archives including those of the Americans, the British, and the Germans which were of great addition to his books. These primary sources characterized his book with much freshness and color in comparison to other works with the same relevance (Weinberg, 1994).            This book contains accounts that include all of the six continents. It largely discussed the details of the war, its causes, and its effect on the world. Moreover, its timeline extends from 1939 until the end of war, and even including chapters that reflected the wretched aftermath of this conflict. This is a narrative that dissected the war into the different roles of diplomacy, espionage, land, and sea battles on the total outcome of the Second World War It is a relevant source of the weaponry used, military tactics, naval seacrafts, and even different aircrafts used in various offensives. This book is not confined within the overall military and diplomatic chaos that occurred during those times, for this piece of literature has also explored on the gravity of the situations in the Eastern Front and of the Jewish holocaust (Weinberg, 1994).            The book tackled interesting insights that are both amusing and surprising. Such information includes the reduction of American and British troops after the First World War, maintaining only a size comparable to that specified for the Germans by the Treaty of Versailles. Another thought provoking fact is that the British and the French failed to attempt to enter the war. It is basically an interwoven story of different stories. Stories are sometimes characterized by delaying the inevitable, strategic mistakes, and too much reliance towards neutrality that they ignored, consciously or not, that Hitler really wanted a World War that would give him his Thousand Year Reich (Weinberg, 1994).            The book has also given emphasis on the different geographical and logistic significance that affected decisions in warfare. Examples include the impact of the Allied invasion during the landing in Normandy, as the place was a crucial port for the Germans. Southern ports were also seized by Allied troops, and this greatly benefitted their European campaign once they settled their military, naval, and air forces in France. The book also presented Hitler’s â€Å"fixation on blood and loot in the East†(Weinberg, 1994). Moreover, the author elaborated on the different preprations done by the Allied, and how they incorporated necessary deceptions for the enemy. Because of these ploys, Germany opted to invade Russia, as Hitler perceived it as an easier target compared to England (Weinberg, 1994). Purpose or audience for the book            The primary focus that the author wishes to present to his audience is that this Second World War is brought upon the world by the Germans. They initiated and started this largest conflict in man’s history, which extended across oceans and continents. It is fundamentally an account of how the Germans caused the war’s outbreak in September of 1939 and how the Germans were defeated on the year 1945. This book is especially interesting to those in search of a book with accurate and specific details of World War II (Weinberg, 1994).            Even those who do not possess inclination towards historical subjects would enjoy this book presented in a manner apart form the regular academic and scholarly approach. It does not have the dessicated and dragging encyclopedic tone as it was written with much moral passion. This book is of great importance to every historical account of the World War II written after it. Authors couldn ot ever afford to not include this masterpiece in their reference list, as it contains most of the commonly known, the controversial, and even the great secret stories of the war (Weinberg, 1994).            The book is an account that has successfully interwoven the different narratives of both the Atlantic and Pacific theaters of war. They were integrated instead of being dealt with separately. This book discussed what others rarely encompass, the histories of America and Britain, the military fronts of Russia and China, and the Italian and Balkan countries. This book does not only cater to those who did not encounter the war, as it is also useful to those who and existed and were very familiar of the events before, during, and after World War II (Weinberg, 1994). Physical and Textual description            In addition to the texts, the book also includes an additional 180 pages containing the endnotes, a detailed bibliographic essay, and 23 relevant maps. However, it is quite noticeable that this book lacks graphic illustrations and photographic documentation of the different events of the war. It is very much wanting of a comprehensive presentation of the different key battles that dictated the course of war. The book only contains two pictures major pictures and four historical icons of the war, and they are each located at the book’s cover and spine (Weinberg, 1994). Your reaction and evaluation            As a personal assessment, I find the book to be a very interesting and well written documentary of the Second World War I believe that it is a ver powerful piece of narrative that attests to all the impact that this war has brought upon mankind. In the most possible concise way of writing the entire war in a single book, I believe that the author has done a tremendous job in conveying to the reader the importance of every aspect that comprises a war, without being too detailed and boring. Using his simple prose composition in laying out to the reader the causes, the events, and the consequences of the war, Weinberg has successfully integrated the two theaters of war. It is however unfortunate that his concentration is evidently towards the Atlantic Theater, but due to the purpose of writing a single volume, I believe that he has utilized the pages well. Every word in the book is of great importance, and he did not include miniscule details that would only make the text wordy and less interesting to the reader (Weinberg, 1994).            The author also demonstrated great knowledge on the subject matter, as he not only related specific details from the war, but also conducted in depth analyses on the different policies imposed to the people existing those times. He also thoroughly presented to the reader the different mistakes and failures of the German military and government, and related the consequences of the blunders the Germans suffered to the Allied victory (Weinberg, 1994).             I can very well agree to the notion that the author wishes to convey. He insisted that the Second World War is a very novel entity, for no other war has reached such vast geographic extent or political and military scale. The book is a very clear narrative, which resembles a compilation of different symposia and lectures. The author used a very comprehensive language that would not intimidate nor discriminate any vocabulary and speech level. It has enough clarity and has successfully deployed its thoughts and arguments without sacrificing the integration of the necessary points to allow a reader understand the entire course of history (Weinberg, 1994). Conclusion            There is tremendous pain and suffering in the face of destruction brought about by war. Many civilians and soldiers alike are left in social and economic displacement, as the war has robbed them of the promising future they once had prior its outbreak. Those who have not witnessed the ravaging of war do not know its nature. But because of books such as this World War II account, readers are given a glimpse of the events that transpired and the difficulty that everyone encountered. War is a serious business and a complicated operation. And because of Weinberg’s attempt to provide the reader the truth he deserves, we are now equipped with a masterpiece that would tell our generation and the generations to come the truth of what really happened. References Weinberg, G. L. (1994). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. New York:
Tuesday, July 30, 2019
Balco Employee’s Union V. Union of India
BALCO Employee’s Union v. Union of India – Significance in Administrative Law. Administrative decision making has been a subject of great discussion since long. The application of a mind, which is in not a strict sense judicial, the presence of arbitral preferences coupled with the fact of discretion allowed to the executive in decision making, more often than not, carries the impression of whims and caprices being involved while such decision has been taken. Related essay: AK Kraipak CaseThe question of why at all this is so, is to be answered not from a legal but from a humanitarian standpoint. Each human differs from other and when subjective satisfaction of a group of individuals is concerned, the executive wing of the state in the present case; it is bound to happen that one there will be a number of groups who do not agree with the decision so taken for they have their own criteria’s and yardsticks to measure the same. Possibly, the same is the case with administrative decision making.When the Government is satisfied, based upon the material considered and issues involved, that a given decision is appropriate for a circumstances, it may equivocally be true that it may not satisfy each and every individual concerned with the similar set of issues and therefore there may arise a conflict. History is full of examples and is enriching day by day of the instances in which executive decisions have been challenged on grounds of they being arbitrary, suffering from mala fide, based on non-satisfactory grounds, irrational, to name a few of them.The study of one such instance forms the essence of this paper. The decision of the Government of India to disinvest M/s Bharat Aluminum Company Limited, popularly known as BALCO was challenged by the employees of BALCO , State of Chattisgarh and by some public spirited individuals before various High Court and finally before the Supreme Court . It was challenged that the decision to disinvest BALCO was contrary to the legal and social interests of the employees as well as certain other legal issues were raised by different parties .The present study is to analyse the judgment of the Supreme Court in the instant case with a critical angle and also trace its legal impact with a special focus on the impact it has made upon Administrative law. To introduce the case, it would be advisable to dwell in the broad frame the case dealt with rather than to deal with the precise fac ts and issues. To categorize, the case dealt with a challenge to the administrative power of the Government on the matter of disinvestment of its stake in a government company as regards the procedure followed while so deciding and also the provisions that needs to be examined while deciding the issue.On a broader level, an administrative policy was under a challenge before the Court. The precise impact that this decision, therefore, had was on the level of administrative discretion that the executive enjoyed in the selection of and following of a policy which had a vital impact on the economic position of the country . Nevertheless, the answer of the Supreme Court has been affirmative and it was categorical in mentioning that unless the policy adopted by the government suffered from the vires of illegality or malafide .Not stopping at this, the Court also gave a substantive reflection on the aspect of natural rights and their applicability as regards the choice of administrative po licy . For a detailed analysis and to have a diverse perspective, the study has been divided into different chapters which deal with a host of issues involved in the case and for having a varied dimension. II. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FACTS OF THE CASE The case arose to challenge the validity of the decision of the Union of India to disinvest and transfer 51% shares of M/s Bharat Aluminum Company Limited (hereinafter referred to as ‘BALCO’).The case was filed by way of a writ petition by the BALCO Employees’ Union by filing Writ Petition No. 2249 of 1999 in the High Court of Delhi when upon the recommendation of the Disinvestment Commission, the Cabinet Committee on Disinvestment approved the sale of 51% of the shares of BALCO to private ownership and thus reducing the status of the company from a Government Company to a private enterprise . Further, upon the same issue, a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) was filed by one Dr. B. L. Wadhera in the Delhi High Cou rt and similarly writ petition filed by Mr.Samund Singh Kanwar in the High Court of Chattisgarh wherein different steps of the disinvestment procedure were challenged. With the filing of the writ petitions in the High Court of Delhi and in the High Court of Chattisgarh, an application for transfer of the petitions was filed by the Union of India in the Supreme Court and by Order dated 9thApril, 2001, the writ petitions which were pending in the High Court of Delhi and Chattisgarh were transferred to the Supreme Court . CONTENTION OF THE PARTIES (A) On behalf of the BALCO Employees' Union.Before disinvestment, the entire paid-up capital of BALCO was owned and controlled by the Government of India and its administrative control co-vested in the Ministry of Mines. BALCO was, therefore, a State within the meaning of Article 12 of the Constitution . Therefore, by the reason of disinvestment the workmen had lost their right and protection under Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. This was an adverse civil consequence and, therefore, they had a right to be heard before and during the process of disinvestment .The type of consultation with the workmen which was necessary was, whether BALCO should go through the process of disinvestment; who should be the strategic partner; and how should the bid of the strategic partner be evaluated. It was further submitted that the workmen had reason to believe that apart from the sale of 51% of the shares in favour of Sterlite Industries the Agreement postulated that balance 49% will also be sold to them with the result that when normally in such cases 5% of the shares are disinvested in favour of the employees the same would not happen in the present case . B) On behalf of the Union of India It was submitted that disinvestment had become imperative both in the case of Centre and the States primarily for three reasons: a. Firstly, despite every effort the rate of returns of governmental enterprises had been woefully low, exclud ing the sectors in which government have a monopoly and for which they can, therefore, charge any price. The rate of return on central enterprises came to minus 4% while the cost at which the government borrows money is at the rate of 10 to 11%.In the States out of 946 State level enterprises, above 241 were not working at all; about 551 were making losses and 100 were reported not to be submitting their accounts at all . b. Secondly, neither the Centre nor the States have resources to sustain enterprises that are not able to stand on their own in the new environment of intense competition . c. Thirdly, despite repeated efforts it was not possible to change the work culture of governmental enterprises .As a result, even the strongest among them have been sinking into increasing difficulties as the environment is more and more competitive and technological change has become faster. Further it was submitted that the wisdom and advisability of economic policies of Government are not am enable to judicial review . It was not for Courts to consider the relative merits of different economic policies. Court was not the forum for resolving the conflicting clauses regarding the wisdom or advisability of policy.III. A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DECISION Besides the dispute that arose between the employees and the Government of India, the major controversy that arose as regards the Union’s decision to disinvest was on political lines. It was an accusation by the state Chief Minister that there were irregularities committed by the Union in coming up to disinvestment decision as well as the decisions suffered from arbitrary exercise of power and malafide .Another important factor which can be observed from a careful reading of the decision is that though the case was primarily to challenge the policy of disinvestment as being adopted and followed by the Union of India, the matter, as decided by the Supreme Court, revolved primarily around the rights of the employees an d their consequent protection after BALCO had actually been disinvested . The Court declined to review the policy decision of the Union Government on the adoption of a policy of disinvestment though in fact it was tried to be justified on behalf of the Union as reflected from the submissions of the Attorney General .Thus it can be said that the Court actually did not, at any stage, examine the correctness of the disinvestment policy for India. The Court tried to evade deciding upon this issue and thus giving it a name of administrative policy, it was approved. It is also important to note while laying down the decision the significance of the judgment far transcended the specifics of the BALCO transaction as it enunciates far-reaching principles that will influence the tenor of jurisprudence on economic affairs for long.The most pertinent example is of the case of Centre for Public Interest Litigation v. Union of India wherein the disinvestment of Hindustan Petroleum Company Limited (HPCL) and Bharat Petroleum Company Limited (BPCL) was approved on the grounds that since the disinvestment of BALCO was already allowed therefore there is no case made out whereby it could be proved unsuited to the Indian context though, in reality the process of disinvestment was never in fact approved in the BALCO case based upon the merits of the case .It is important to note that in the specific case of the alleged malfeasance in the case of BALCO, the Court categorically stated that â€Å"the facts herein show that fair, just and equitable procedure has been followed in carrying out this disinvestment. The allegations of lack of transparency or that the decision was taken in a hurry, or that there has been an arbitrary exercise of power are without any basis. It is a matter of regret that on behalf of the State of Chattisgarh such allegations against the Union of India have been made without any basis.We strongly deprecate such unfounded averments which have been made by an officer of the said State. †Thus the judgment was not simply a strong rebuke to the credibility of the Chief Minister Mr. Ajit Jogi, it also served to forestall further challenges by state governments on the federal government’s prerogatives on privatization . Also, the Court circumscribed the extent to which matters of economic policy and disinvestment in particular, and consequently matters of policy, shall be scrutinized by courts .The Court was categorical in stating that ‘‘it is neither within the domain of the Courts nor the scope of judicial review to embark upon an enquiry as to whether a particular policy is wise or whether a better public policy can be evolved. Nor are our Courts inclined to strike down a particular policy at the behest of a petitioner merely because it has been urged that a different policy would have been fairer or wiser or more scientific or more logical. Parliament is the proper forum for questioning such policy. Thus the Cour t held that such disputes were beyond the realm of judicial determination and were left to the legislature to have circumspection over such executive policies. Also, aware of the economic costs of the plant closure as a result of the judicial intervention, the Court for the first time declared that, ‘‘No ex parte relief by way of injunction or stay especially with respect to public projects and schemes or economic policies or schemes should be granted.It is only when the Court is satisfied for good and valid reasons that there will be irreparable and irretrievable damage can an injunction be issued after hearing all the parties. ’’ As a sort of warning, the Court sought to deprecate the excessive use of PILs as a medium to thrash government policies which were prima facie genuine and correct. It thus added, â€Å"the Petitioner should be put on appropriate terms such as providing an indemnity or an adequate undertaking to make good the loss or damage in th e event the PIL is dismissed. ’ It categorically held that ‘‘every matter of public interest or curiosity cannot be the subject matter of PIL. Courts are not intended to and nor should they conduct the administration of the country. Courts will interfere only if there is a clear violation of Constitutional or statutory provisions or noncompliance by the State with its Constitutional or statutory duties. ’ In regard to disinvestment specifically, it held, ‘‘The decision to disinvest and the implementation thereof is purely an administrative decision relating to the economic policy of the State and challenge to the same at the instance of a busybody cannot fall within the parameters of Public Interest Litigation. ’’ The Court also specified the contours of the rights of labour when policy changes were affected, for instance when the Government disinvests its equity in an enterprise.While holding that in the BALCO disinvestment case, the Government had exerted itself to protect the interests of employees of the company, more generally it was open for the Government, like any other employer, to take workers along, to keep them informed about prospective changes and to allay their apprehensions but, labour could not claim a right, either on the basis of natural justice or any other foundation, to be consulted, or the right to receive prior notice, or to be consulted at every stage of the process .The Court also specially held that ‘‘even a government servant, having the protection of not only Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution but also of Article 311, had no absolute right to remain in service’’ and therefore the decision to change the control of the company from government to private hands was the sole prerogative of the government and could not be challenged by the employees. IV. IMPLICATIONS THAT FOLLOWED THE JUDGMENT It is true that the decision given by the Court in the BALCO cas e was based upon a sound appreciation of arguments, yet there are many implications which may follow pursuant to the decision.The major emphasis is on the policy of disinvestment. Though the Court did not go into the merits of the disinvestment policy per se yet, it did silently approve the policy to be followed by the Union . Thus the court supported the revival of the national economic with the support of private lines. The earlier policy of socialist economy, as upon which the Constitution was based and is as well enshrined in the Preamble, read with the State’s duty to avoid concentration of wealth in private hands as envisaged under the Directive Principles was not considered an appropriate solution for meeting the present day need i. . boosting the national economic growth . The observations of the Court on the aspect of natural justice may have been insignificant in terms of words spoken on it or portion of the judgment dealing with it yet; the impact which it has crea ted is enormous. The Court held that the principles of natural justice did not apply even in case the rights of the employees were affected as regards the change of their employer . They were not even given an opportunity to be heard and this was the sole bone of contention.For the very reason that Sterlite industries (the buyer) had given an undertaking that no employee of BALCO would be removed and the government had taken sufficient steps towards the protection of the employees, they had no reason to be heard. Employees, being connected with the manufacturing and other process in a much closer manner than any other body had, at least, the minimum right to put their views before the Court. Thus the participation of employees in the betterment of their organisation at the Board level was also discouraged.An important fact that may have evaded the critics was the method of computation of BALCO’s capital. Of the three different methods, the accounting method adopted for arrivi ng at the reserve price for the sale of BALCO was the one with the lowest result . It was never questioned by the Court. Thus it can be used in later cases before the Court that the method adopted by the Government is beyond judicial review too as it falls within the ambit of administrative discretion too . It may seem to be a remote issue nevertheless may be raised in the Courts.Further, the Court never did accept or uphold that disinvestment as a policy per se was a good policy to be implemented in the pursuance of national economic growth. Yet it was so stated in the later case wherein the disinvestment of HPCL and BPCL was challenged and it was contended by the Union of India that the policy of disinvestment was upheld by the Supreme Court in the BALCO case . These are some of the implications that may arise pursuant to the decision of the Supreme Court in the matter of the BALCO disinvestment process, as being conceived by the researcher.V. CONCLUSION The Supreme Court, in the celebrated case of Ram Jawaya Kapoor v. State of Punjab, observed thus, â€Å"the executive function comprises both the determination of policy as well as carrying into execution. The evidently includes the initiation of legislation, the maintenance of order, the promotion of social and economic welfare, the direction of foreign policy, in fact the carrying on or supervision of the general administration of the State†. Thus we find that the determination of policy has always been within the domain of the Executive.Therefore there remains no doubt that the government had the power to decide as to the adoption of a policy of disinvestment. It is this very precise reason that the same could not have been challenged successfully before the Court. Thus, it was challenged indirectly by taking the stand that such a policy would under the legal and constitutional rights of the employees of BALCO . Thus we find that the litigation, the reason for challenge and the motive behind such a challenge were flawed from its very beginning. The success of the petition was, therefore, never guaranteed.The main reason seems more of so political rather than legal, which initiated the present litigation. Nevertheless the Court was categorical in dealing with the issues. It laid to rest its critics while also issuing a stern warning that Public Interest Litigation should not be used as a means to invalidate policy decisions of government which in ordinary course were beyond judicial review. The Court also severely deprecated the action of the State officials who accused the Union Government of malafide and abuse without stating firm grounds for the same.On the aspect of the impact that the decision has created on administrative law, it can be said that it was not much except for the fact that it reiterated certain fundamental principles which had already been incorporated in the Indian legal stream. The fact of the administrative discretion and power to adopt and implement po licy decisions being beyond the scope of judicial review unless it suffered from illegalities or malafide was upheld .Further the Court upheld that there was no violation of principles of natural justice by non-hearing of the employees in the entire disinvestment process as it was purely a matter of administrative choice wherein the employees had no stake. It may be hard to adjust but seems to be a sound legal principle indeed. After all the rights of the employees were protected under different labour and industrial legislations no matter who the employer was. Thus accepting the fact that they had an interest in the management of the company yet, it was not incumbent or essential to take their views before deciding the entire process.The silent approval of the disinvestment process by the Apex Court also symbolizes the fact that the Court also feels it in the interest of national interests and the economy on the whole. This the Court expounded in a later case when it approved the s ale of HPCL and BPCL on similar lines as BALCO. Thus, on a whole, though the case may failed to give any novel concept, yet it is landmark of its own kind. It was an attempt on the part of the Court to define its own limits on judicial review. It also stretched the scope for the exercise of administrative powers in making policy decision. REFERENCESARTICLES: 1. Devesh Kapur and Ravi Ramamurti, Privatization in India: The Imperatives and Consequences of Gradualism, (Center For Research On Economic Development And Policy Reform, 2003, Last visited on September 7th, 2011). 2. Presentation on Disinvestment, as presented by the Union of India at the OECD CONFERENCE on Privatisation, Employment and Employees, 10-11 OCTOBER 2002, Turkey, Last visited on September 7th, 2011). 3. Shankar Acharya, India’s Macroeconomic Management In The Nineties, (As Prepared For Indian Council For Research On International Economic Relations, 2001, ; http://www. crier. org/; Last visited on September 7th, 2011). 4. T. N. Srinivasan, Economic Reforms and Global Integration, (Policy Paper, as presented to Center for Research on Economic Development and Policy Reform, Stanford University, 2001). 5. V. Sridhar, Battle over Balco, (The Frontline, Volume 18 – Issue 06, Mar. 17 – 30, 2001, Last visited on September 7th, 2011). BOOKS: 1. Jain & Jain, Principles of Administrative Law, (Wadhwa & Co. , Nagpur, 4th edition, 2003). 2. I. P. Messy, Principles of Adminstrative Law, (Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, 2003).
Monday, July 29, 2019
Biblical Christian Influence on American Films
Biblical Christian Influence on American Films Essay One of the most interesting and probably the most important and influential books ever written in Western history is the Holy Bible. No other book has come close to having had such a profound influence on the religious, intellectual, philosophical, political, military and cultural life of society throughout the world where western civilization has penetrated. Some people believe its the best work of literature ever written; others believe that is the word of God written by Him alone through mortals chosen to carry His message. Some believe that the very thought of changing a single word of this book deserves severe punishment even death. Most western religions treat it as holy words from their creator and savior. Historians value it as a great encyclopedia of ancient cultures of the Near East. Artists continue to be inspired by and find material from this book for their paintings, novels, poems and other expressions of art. Architects have used information and actual plans found in the Bible as to how the ancients built their magnificent temples and cities as reference to build modern structures as well as replicating the old. The Bible has been used as a great source for scientists and researchers in identifying diseases and other maladies that plague modern societies. Doctors have found actual cures for some diseases that were passed on to them through the Bible. Politicians very often use words or passages from this book to rationalize their policies or actions. Moralists have set the doctrines expressed within its pages as the basic rules a good citizen should follow. Priests base sermons on their own interpretations of the holy words to inspire followers and to convert non-believers. How powerful the book is! Bible translation led to the study and literary development of many languages. Luthers translation of the Bible in the 16th century has been called the birth of modern Germany. The Authorized Version (English) of 1611 (King James Version) and the others that preceded it caught the English language at the blooming of its first maturity. Since the invention of the printing press (mid-15th century), the Bible has evolved to become more than a translation of an ancient Oriental text. It is not perceived as a foreign book. Certainly it has become the most available, familiar, and dependable source and arbiter of intellectual, moral, and spiritual ideals in the West. Its English translations form the shape of modern English and many writing styles. It has given birth to many masterpieces of art. Miltons Paradise Lost, Rubens Christ On The CrossIt has caused pain, suffering and conflict between various individuals and societies who interpret the book differently such as the Hebrew, the Moslem and the Christian. No one can deny the astronomical deaths heaped on western society through wars and other forms of murder perpetuated in the name of truth found in the pages of the Bible. It is the foundation of most western moral concepts and cultures. It is read daily by millions throughout the world No one can ignore or deny the place the Bible has earned. Numerous academics have studied its influence on western culture and society. I dont wish to repeat or quote what has already been said more eloquently. What I want to emphasize here is I believe that it is quite impossible to discuss the Bible and its influence over the Western World without considering the influence of different religious interpretations. What I hope to do here is to confine this discussion to the impact of the Christian interpretation of the bible on American Entertainment, specifically American film and the film industry. The Christian Bibles Effect on the American Film Industry Most Chinese audiences have no doubt: America is a nation of complete artistic and personal freedom. How is it possible then that America is under the influence and even controlled by one book? Even I would have to admit it seems true for the present there seems to be unlimited freedom in U. S. entertainment. Violence, crime, pornography, politics, drugs, etc. all have been adapted into screen. It seems there are no rules for the film industry. Filmmakers can and seem to make whatever movies they like. The truth is that until recently the film industry is subject to and has to follow, directly or indirectly, the rules set out in a kind of Production Code, which was originally written by a Catholic priest, Father Daniel Lord in the 1920s when complaints of moral abuses in Hollywood expressed through the new and powerful medium of film forced the industry to protect itself against local or national censorship and establish the Hayes Commission to investigate and make suggestions that would calm the fears of the moralists and organizations that were fearful of Hollywoods influence on their memberships. Later the Hayes Commission gave birth to what is today known as Motion Picture Association. This quasi-government organization is still headed by its first appointee and is supposed to help the motion picture industry set and follow a voluntary code of ethics by warning audiences of the content in each film through a rating system. After the birth of the Hayes Commission, in April 1934 the Catholic Church formed its own investigating commission. A committee of bishops was formed to make suggestions and determinations as to what Catholics could and could not view coming out of Hollywood. It was called The Legion of Decency. These Bishops make determinations as to the moral content of each film and how the Church wanted its priests to handle their parishioners. The priests would then pass on this information to the parishioners. Through sermons, booklets, letters, and media releases the Church let it be known what movies were acceptable for viewing and which were not. For more than three decades the Catholic Church, through its Legion of Decency enjoyed the power to control content in much of what Hollywood produced serving as a moral guardian for the American public. From 1934 until the early 1950s staunch lay Catholic, Joseph I. Breen , rigorously enforced Lords code at the Production Code Administration (PCA), often over the protests of studio executives, producers, directors, and screenwriters. The PCA, the industrys own censorship board worked hand in hand with the Legion of Decency to keep the movies from exploring social, political and economic issues that it believed were either immoral or a danger to the Catholic Church. The PCA, represented only the first step in the process of purification that all Hollywood films underwent during the Legions reign. After receiving a Production Code seal of approval, films were shipped to New York for duplication and distribution; but before that process could begin each film was submitted to the Catholic Legion of Decency for a final review. If they didnt like what they saw, word would be sent to the producing studio that negotiations were in order. A letter or a telephone conversation would detail the Legions objections. The offending films would be either altered to suit Catholic tastes or waiting for condemnation. A Legion condemnation shook Hollywood to its core because Catholics, some twenty million strong, were theoretically forbidden, under the penalty of mortal sin, to attend the condemned film. Any theater that exhibited a condemned film was targeted for boycott by Catholic organizations. Rather than risk a loss of income or challenge the Legions authority to censor their product, producers bowed to the pressure and cut the offending material from all prints exhibited worldwide. In reality, then, the Legions view of sex, politics and moral issues reached an international market. The history of the relationship between the Legion and Hollywood, of a religious organizations censorship of a mass medium entailed a cultural war between the Legion, which believed it spoke for the moral values of the American public, and the movie industry, which foughtoften rather meeklyfor freedom of the screen. From the mid-1930s until Otto Premingers release of The Moon Is Blue in 1953, no Hollywood studio seriously challenged the right of the priests to censor their films. From 1953 until the establishment of the current ratings system, only a handful of independent producers, foreign or domestic, refused to submit their films to Legion censors. The Catholics thought that strict control over the content of the movies would prevent the movies a new, popular and powerful recreation from changing the positive values of Anglo-Saxon ideals was adopted by progressive reformers. What Daniel Lord drafted as a Catholic movie code emerged a fascinating combination of Catholic theology, conservative politics, and pop psychologyan amalgam that would control the content of Hollywood films for the next three decades. Lord and his colleagues shared a common objective with Protestant film reformers: they all wanted entertainment films to emphasize that the church, the government, and the family were the cornerstones of an orderly society; that success and happiness resulted from respecting and working within this system. Entertainment films should reinforce religious teachings that deviant behavior, whether criminal or sexual, cost violators the love and comforts of home, the intimacy of family, the solace of religion, and the protection of law. Films should be twentieth-century morality plays that illustrated proper behavior to the masses. Therefore, the basic premise behind the code was that no picture should lower the moral standards of those who see it. Recognizing that evil and sin were legitimately part of drama, the code stressed that no film should create a feeling of sympathy for the criminal, the adulterer, the immoralist, or the corrupter. No film should be so constructed as to leave the question of right or wrong in doubt. Films must uphold, not question or challenge, the basic values of society. READ: Adolescent Mental Health Facilities EssayThe sanctity of the home and marriage must be upheld. The concept of basic law must not be belittled or ridiculed. Courts must be shown as just and fair, police as honest and efficient, and government as protective of all people. If corruption was a necessary part of any plot, it had to be restricted: a judge could be corrupt but not the court system; a policeman could be brutal, but not the police force. Interestingly, Lords code stated, crime need not always be punished, as long as the audience is made to know that it is wrong. What Lord wanted films to do was to illustrate clearly to audiences that evil is wrong and that good is right. Therefore Going My Way couldnt pass the censor: they thought priests in a bad light. In Inherit the Wind the whole premise of the film could not be accepted originally because it supposedly slammed Christianity and portrayed the minister as the villain in the movie (parish the thought no pun intended). Sunset Boulevard was rejected because Normas crime of shooting Gillis went unpunished. In 1968 the censorship system was replaced by the rating system. In this system the movie will not be changed only given a letter to represent the content of the movie. One cant help but wonder what movies would have come without the Hays committee. And the truth is that though the influence of this Production Code is fading nowadays, Catholics can see all the movies they like, most of the producers see the code as at best a general guideline for movie morality. In 1995, the Pontifical Council for Social Communication identified forty-five films produced in the United States, Europe, and Asia that, it said, possessed special artistic or religious merit. The list was prepared as part of the Vaticans contribution to the hundredth anniversary of the cinema. For the average moviegoer there were many recognizable films: The Vatican council cited, among others, Fred Zinnemanns A Man for All Seasons, William Wylers Ben Hur, Gabriel Axels Babettes Feast, Frank Capras Its a Wonderful Life, Louis Malles Au Revoir les Enfants, Victor Flemings The Wizard of Oz, and Steven Spielbergs Schindlers List. They are all great works representing Christian morality and values. Christian moral rate is still an important standard for audience to judge a film. It still plays a central role in filmmaking. Though the Catholic censorship system has been replaced by the rating system, its shadow is still hover over the films. It may not be so obvious but subtle. Even though they try to expose the dark side of Catholic Church or priests, theyll simply pick up a role that did something wrong then confessed and changed himself into a good man again later. They will be only shown as the smallest minority among the larger Christian family and cannot represent Christians as a whole. Even this kind of subject is very difficult to find in the film library. Christian society also has its own film companies, TV programs and own many radio and TV stations. What they express in the films, videos, DVDs, etc all focuses on converting secular citizens and reinforcing followers belief. Whereas what they produce are not only simple teaching materials, but are entertaining. The movies they have shot are good examples, which mix Christian doctrines with exciting secular plots. For example, Apocalypse, Revelation and Left behind, these three movies are among a series film that contain the message of Revelation. I dont want to describe scenes from these films but rather discuss here the Christian impact on commercial films, the films that are not made by Christian producers. According to their different style of expression, I separate the films into three groups for the conveniences sake: one is viewed from their stories to discover the secret of using or adapting Christian stories in a film; one is sensed from their themes to probe how Christian ideas and values dominate the American society through the media of film, the most attractive, powerful entertainment; the other is analyzed through films structure to see their connection with the Bible. This separation may not be accurate and thoroughly considered. But I hope it to be a guideline to understand this cultural phenomenon. Commercial movies also put biblical stories on screen. However unlike pure Christian films, they dont quite follow what has been written in the Scriptures. They will adapt the scenes or create a plot according to the need of a smooth story. This kind of films always reveal Christian doctrines and teachings openly and are very persuasive. Among the AFIs one hundred greatest films of all time for the celebration of the birth of film, Ben-Hur, Jesus, and The Ten Commandments are this kind of movies. Ben-Hur was released in 1959. Based on the famous novel, it tells the story of Judah Ben-Hur, a wealthy Jewish prince living during the time of Christ who is wrongly accused of murdering the Roman governor. The governor, however, is not killed during the incident of the falling tiles. He recovers. This is important because it means Judah is sentenced to die in the galleys not only for an accident, but for an accident which does not even result in permanent injury. Judah, his mother and daughter are imprisoned for the crime by Judahs childhood friend, the Roman Masala. Judah is sentenced to be a galley slave and swears revenge on Masala. As Judah works to exact his revenge, a young carpenter begins his ministry. The films story dovetails into a climatic confrontation between Judah and Masala, until finally Judah learns that love triumphs over hate, becoming a follower of Jesus, the crucified carpenter. Jesus is not the central role in this film. However the main plot develops around him and around what he did according to the Bible. His sermon on the mount, his performing miracles, the great plague of leprosy, his crucifixion, death and resurrection, etc. are all depicted in the film. At the end of the film, all the lepers were cured, all the blasted grasses were awaken, the dry rivers regained flowing water: everything was being refreshed and gained its second life, people threw away their hatred and followed their Messiah. The whole movie presents a great biblical epic and punctuates the message of peace and love through salvation in Christ, which is the core of the New Testament and the most important value that the Christians believe. Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I am the Lord. Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you. for love is of God not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins. Jesus (1979) is one of the most accurate Bible dramas ever produced with a script taken entirely from the book of Luke. The story begins with the angels announcement to the virgin Mary of the impending birth of Jesus, visually depicts the main events of Jesus life and ministry, portrays a painfully realistic crucifixion, and then ends with His ascension through the clouds. As of July 1, 1997, this film has been translated into over 406 languages and is used as and evangelism tool throughout the world. Different from above two concerned the story of Jesus Christ, The Ten Commandments (1956) projects the panorama of Moses life: his mother putting him into the bulrushes to be found by Pharaohs family, the early Egyptian career and exile to Midian; the call from the Burning Bush; the plagues and the Red Sea; the giving of the Law. Unavoidable, there are many details added which are not found in the Scriptures and some events are altered or merged. These three films are all Hollywoods productions under the domination of Legion of Decency. They cannot be named perfect from a strict point of view of Christians (some violence and revision of the Scripture), They are still the most impressive interpretations of biblical stories that ever seen in the Hollywood film industry. In recent years, we could hardly find this kind of films on the screen until 1998 DreamWorks SKG did a film with brilliant animation also about the story of MosesThe Prince of Egypt. The films introduction states it is true to the essence, values and integrity of the story. There are still divergencies against the book of Exodus: Moses is not reunited with his mother as an infant, he speaks flawlessly and therefore does not need Aarons eloquence, he kills the Egyptian by accident rather than murdering him, Aaron is reluctant to support Moses and discourages him from speaking to Pharaoh Even so, despite the many textual inconsistencies, the films central theme is clear. In the words of Dream Works principal Jeffrey Katzenberg, A man has an experience with his God which forever changes his life, his perceptions and his peoples history. READ: Health Insurance and Health Care in America EssayThey vividly show the burning bush of Gods image stating I Am that I Am, and the plagues on Egypt and the parting of the water of Red Sea are also very graphically impressive with the wonderful combination of the songs I Will Get There and If You Believe. You may not find biblical stories or themes in most of the films. However since the Christian ideas and values have sunk into the deep part of the American culture. Almost every film will come down to moral issues or reveal directly or indirectly something from the Holy Bible. They have woven the preset values secretly into the films. Pay It Forward, a newly released film is a good example. An eleven years old boy Trevor McKinney, a seventh grader challenged by Social Studies teacher Eugene Simonet in an extra credit assignment to change the world, he comes up with a plan to impact the lives of three people. If they accept, it is their duty to continue the idea of paying it forward by impacting the lives of three others. Instead of each one reach one it is each one reach three. Eventually the results can change the world. It doesnt work out so successfully, but he did try. His effort was not in vain. More and more people get to know it, more and more people stretch their hands out to help. Trevor helps his mother out of alcohol and helps Eugene regain his faith in love. He is knifed by two rascals who are bullying a kid after his deed has been screened on TV. Many people come to mourn on his death and Pay It Forward is being spread out all over the country. Though this boy doesnt have a Christian background, the screenwriter provides him the most shining characteristics of a Christian. In everything, therefore, treat people the same way you want them to treat you, for this is the Law and the Prophets. For the whole Law is fulfilled in one word, in the statement, YOU SHALL LOVE YOUR NEIGHBOR AS YOURSELF. Trevor is put in the position of solving all the problems in Las Vegas, including but not limited to heroin addiction, alcohol abuse, strip bars, child abuse and homelessness. And he is transformed into a Messiah figure at the end. Seven (1995) as another example is completely different from Pay It Forward. The title refers to the seven deadly sins, which a serial killer is using to brutally murder seven people in seven days. A fat man is punished for his gluttony, a lawyer for his greed, a model for her pride, and so on. The murders are apparently intended as a series of medieval sermons, a wake-up call to a civilization that doesnt know its become utterly corrupt. The murderer finally receives his punishment. The Seven Deadly Sins never occur as a formal list in the Bible, but summarized from the Bible against the Seven Heavenly Virtues. The seven sins are pride, envy, anger, sloth, covetousness, gluttony and lust. Each of the Sins was associated with a specific punishment in Hell: like pride, broken on the wheel; envy, put in freezing water; anger, dismembered alive, and so on. The film exposes the Seven Deadly Sins through the clue the detective follows to find the killer. And the Bible becomes the key to the answer: the evil will finally get punished. There is also another group of films having relationship with the Bible. They borrow the stories from the Bible to construct their own. This kind of movie always offends the Christian community, like Bless the Child and Warlock. Most of these movies are concerned with Apocalypse which means revelation, unbiding. It reveals the true meaning of events or their outcome, or the heavenly reality behind or beyond earthly appearances. It opens the imagination to strange worlds and dreamlike visions. Now the LORD is about to lay waste the earth and make it desolate, and be will twist its surface and scatter its inhabitantsThe earth shall be utterly laid wastefor the LORD has spoken his word. There are two areas of cosmic imagery in the visions of apocalypse in the Bible. One is cosmic catastrophes: the sun darkened and the moon turned to blood in Joel 2:31; the sky rolled up and the stars fell in Isaiah 34; earthquakes and floods in Isaiah 24:18,19. There is also social disintegration and conflict: deception, betrayal, murder in Daniel 11:32,33 and 2 Peter 2, etc. The other is pictures of cosmic renewal: a new heaven and a new earth in Isaiah 65:17 and 2 Peter 3:13; the rapture when Gods glory replaces the lights of Heaven in Isaiah 60:19, etc. In Bless the Child (2000), an unusual little girl is a symbol of returned Christ. And she has tremendous power to retrieve the dead to life. In order to take charge of the whole world before the coming millennium, a Satan captures her and attempts to turn her away from her faith on right and wrong and thus away from her commitment to God and worship him instead of God. He takes her to the top of a skyscraper and asks her to throw herself down from there saying, Throw yourself down from here, for it is written, He will command his angels concerning you, to protect you. The girl replied exactly what Jesus answered to Satan, Do not put the Lord your God to the test. Later he tries to scare her by burning a poor homeless man in front of her. He fails and has to kill her. But the evil is not the rival of this little Messiah. She saves the world from being controlled by the evil. The screenwriter engrafts the story of Jesus on the little girl. God and Satan warring against each other and Gods ultimate victory are also adapted and woven into Warlock: the Armageddon. Satans only son the Warlock is born through a woman without pregnancy. His mission is to free his father from the fiery chains that imprison him and unleash Satans wrath upon the world. The prophets of Christianity foresee the coming war and get ready to train two young warriors who are the only ones can prevent complete world destruction. They alone possess the supernatural powers to challenge the Warlock and stop the inevitable Armageddon. Finally they outsmart and defeat the Warlock before the prophesied eclipse, sending Satan and his son back to Hell. These two mentioned above remain the frame of biblical revelation and are easily identified. Others like Star Wars series, The Matrix (1998), Twelve Monkeys (1995), Independent Day (1996), etc. throw away the meaning of the Revelation, but focus on the eschatological part of apocalyptic texts mingling with science fictions and not on the revelation of Gods sovereignty. In these films humans are able to change their future, and are not simply spectators to the divine unfolding. Actually Biblical or Christian shadow is not only cast over these three aspects. Some titles of films are from the Bible; many of them contain Bible-related dialogues or direct quotations from the Scripture and biblical figures, images or actions. Here I will not discuss the others in detail. The Bible is one of the two main sources of Western civilization; the other is the culture of Greece and Rome, or classical civilization. Of the two, the Bible is several centuries older. Its contents affected Western values and the way westerners act and think. As a production of industry and technology and combination of various kinds of Arts and an instant mirror of the society, films cannot escape the influence of the Bible and Christianity. Western societys symbols and values affected by the Bible shape the films, which on the contrary attest to the Bibles role in shaping the ways in which westerners tell their stories, mold their heroes, understand their experience, imagine their future, and explain themselves to themselves, no matter how the filmmakers do a film, to copy a biblical story or to borrow a biblical structure or embed Christian values into a film. United States is the best stage to show this story. First, the Bible has exercised a profound influence on the history and values of the United States. The early history of America is a history of the Pilgrims and other early European settlers seeking their new Israel that Gods promised to his newly chosen people. And the values the Americans cherish mostly originate from the Bible, such as the idea of equality, freedom. Second, though two French brothers first invented film, the blooming of this new form of arts and industry is achieved in America. It represents a new popular culture. And its an influential educational tool ever since it was born. In 1930s American society was experiencing the gloomy Depression. Not only economy but also moral standard decayed. The episode of Legion of Decency in American film industry is actually a self-defensive action of a biblical culture preoccupied society towards non-protestant values since they have noticed the power this popular cultural tool has to influence its audience. Through pulling film industry back to its right track, Christianity also consolidates its role in the American society. This is the point that we should pay attention to.
Criminal Justice Trends Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Criminal Justice Trends - Research Paper Example Thus, the government tries to provide considerable budgets and managerial implementations in order to make sure that law enforcement stays sound as much as possible. Law enforcement together with its implementation requires associated activities in order to guarantee success. Thus, there were past trends linked up with law enforcement. Today, there are remarkable trends that involved a bit of enhancement from the old-fashion approach. These could become remarkable basis for further future trends. Let us look closely on this issue at the context of police training and education as significant parts of the law enforcement in the US, which are aspects that at the same time affected by the evolving use of technology for enhancing learning process, federal legislation and grants, and problem-oriented training (Conser, Paynich & Gingerich, 2011, p.192). Police training in the past was a major consideration prior to the success of law enforcement. However, the level of training was not that highly advanced compared with the present status qou in which programs for basic, in service and advanced training have been developed and become cost-effective (Conser, Paynich & Gingerich, 2011). ... ice training has increasingly become prominent due to the need to master volume of information, the benefits of computer, documentation of police officers’ mastery of concepts and materials, and the associated reality concerning virtual reality and artificial intelligence programming (Conser, Paynich & Gingerich, 2011). Thus, computerization in police training for law enforcement is leading the US in the future to invest more in advance technology to move the criminal justice system a notch higher. As stated, federal legislation and grants are other important factors affecting police training and education. From the past, the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (VCCLEA) initiated and funded programs concerning innovative approaches to community policing, but not all of them existed or extended today (Conser, Paynich & Gingerich, 2011). Some of these programs from the past were associated with funding for local communities for the hiring of additional officers for com munity policing activities. Today, the federalization factor in the US has substantial influence on the path of training and related initiatives at the context of state and local level, as some of those programs that the Department of Justice initiated for instance would often provide grants for training, equipment and new technology (Conser, Paynich & Gingerich, 2011). In the future, this could even influence other federal departments to contribute to the welfare of law enforcement in general as this component of the criminal justice system continues to involve economic and political implications both at the state and local level. For instance, the emergence of high level peace and order situation is tantamount to the existence of economic opportunity of the nation as investors would be enticed
Sunday, July 28, 2019
Analysis of The Empirical Phase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Analysis of The Empirical Phase - Essay Example Throughout this careful structure, Grob argues that Wordsworth’s purpose was to challenge the present social order that was focused on the â€Å"disorganized and directionless†(19) mode of existence found in â€Å"the fretful stir / Unprofitable, and the fever of the world†(Wordsworth, 52-53) and present a more favorable development. Grob’s argument rests not so much upon the actual words in the poem as it does upon the way in which Wordsworth presents his case, progressing from the simple ease with which mankind connects with nature to the stabilizing influence it has even when lost in the â€Å"fever of the world†and demonstrating how this natural development was not unique just to him, but can be universally applied to others as well. In presenting his case, Grob suggests that Wordsworth’s poem can be basically divided into three main concerns beginning with the natural connection that occurs between man and nature. â€Å"As a vehicle for symbolic discourse, the landscape of Tintern Abbey possesses a latent multiplicity of reference so that almost every ethical, epistemological, and metaphysical judgment rendered later in the poem seems latent in its initial image†(14). This is started within the very first stanza as the poet describes the scenery before him, imbuing it with â€Å"a deep and abiding calm and a coalescence of particulars into a single, interlocking and indivisible pattern of harmony†(14). This image includes not only the untouched natural wonder that surrounds him but also the human effects that have taken place within it, such as the hedgerows, cottage-grounds and orchard tufts. After having linked the efforts of mankind into the overall splendor of the natural environment, Wordsworth moves on to discuss the essential internal interconnectedness of man and nature. Â
Saturday, July 27, 2019
Family Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Family Business - Essay Example History has it that many of the current successful company. Many of these companies were started by a family but later were sold to the public. In a family business the level of outside employees is limited and the family members are involved in the running of the business. Even in place where the external members are involved, the top positions of running the business are allocated to the family members. Some of the most successful family business includes Cargill, Ford Motor Company, Koch Industries, Mills Fleet Farm, Tetra Park, and others. 3It has been shown that a business that is started and run by the family always succeed due to some basic elements that are attached to such business. There have been several researches that have been carried out on family businesses. This research will try to look at some of the findings of these researches in order to understand the dynamics of family businesses and why they are likely to succeed compared to other business. 4Management of a family business present one of the most complex business organization compared to others. This is because the business is driven by linkages in the family members which are often emotion. It presents a problem in managing the emotional family ownership and rational needs of the business. This creates a fertile ground that nurtures conflict at many levels in the running of the business. 5This is mostly presented in times of generational shifts where there are uncertainties on the interest an leadership competence of the inheriting generation family members makes the running and management of the business more vulnerable. Though most of these businesses succeed, they are usually faced with problems like any other business in the course of their operation. It has been shown that a family business may come with some of the worst business crisis especially in issues relating to succession. Planning a succession in a family business has been shown as a unique problem that most of these businesses face in the course of their operation. 6The interests of diverse family members always conflict one another not only on the issues of succession but also on other issues like hiring of another members. For example it has been shown that there is allows a conflicts when family members have to decide the ones who will be hired for running managerial jobs and sometime favours in the family may make the family to hire a member who is less competent than others which leads to underperforming of the business. Sometime conflicts in family business have been shown even to end up in courts. But unlike in other business wh ere the magnitude of the conflict may lead to underperformance of the businesses, the conflict in a family businesses has been shown to be successfully controlled from inside before it bursts to the lime light of the law courts. There are usually means to try and resolve the conflict in a family set up before it is taken to the courts. One of the great problems that are encountered in running of family business conflict has been the difficult that is encountered especially by parents in resolving the conflicts with their sons. The parents are sometimes torn between the love of their children and the interest of the families. One example is given of Stew Leonard's
Friday, July 26, 2019
Compare and contrast Manifest Destiny and Zionism as ideological Essay
Compare and contrast Manifest Destiny and Zionism as ideological forces - Essay Example The Manifest destiny was the pinnacle for America’s outward expansionism movement which was fueled by many factors. Between 1801 and 1861, exploration was encouraged as America underwent vast territorial expansion and settlement. Thus, westward migration was influenced by geography and economic opportunity. Prior to the Civil War, most industrialization in America was in the North; however, the equipment produced in the North had an impact on the farming society in the South. One of the most significant factors that contributed to the development expansion of the United States was the fertile land that was available in the South. The large plantations in the south gave the rise to slave labor was the fertile farmland in the Midwest enabled United States to accomplish several things. First of all, the invention of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin initiated the rise to slave labor in the rich land that extended beyond from Carolina to Texas, which expanded the United States borde r. The fertile land gave boosted the American economy, which contributed to development of United States. Another key element that enabled USA to expand was the variety of minerals that were abundant westwards. California In order to implement the notion of Manifest Destiny, the innovation of â€Å"white man’s burden†was heavily utilized. Clearly, it was the responsibility of America to tame these â€Å"savages†who were devil worshippers. However, the true cause of expansionism relied on many factors. The country was new and with the advent of industrialization, became a monster that was fueled by innovation, capital, and labor. The country wanted to dominate internationally and show the world the brute power of railroads it possessed. The idea of the Manifest destiny also sprouted from racism in which the white race had to prevail itself as the dominant race. Since God had given the white race the elite title, it was upon the
Thursday, July 25, 2019
One of the most important issues concerning e-commerce is the privacy Assignment
One of the most important issues concerning e-commerce is the privacy and security of one's indentification and financail information - Assignment Example having login or password that enhances the security of the information passed between the customer and the business (McCarthy, Campbell & Brownstein, 2001). An overly secure environment looks into the security of the transaction by creating passwords and logins in order to ensure privacy and confidentiality of the details of the transactions. In cases where e-commerce involves financila transactions, the risk of loss of money becomes high hence making security issues key in e-commerce. However, both an open and overly secure environments have both advantages and disadvantages. There are various advantages of conducting business in open environments. First, users will not require login and passwords in order to navigate on the websites. Paying for items or making orders will not require one to give login for identification purposes. This makes the process easy and faster compared to a secure environment where login is required. The graphical user interface of open environments are simpler and easy to use hence cause customer satisfaction and convenience (Becker, 2008). Cost advantage also arises in an open environment. There is no cost involved in developing a secure environment thereby reducing the need to engage experts in developing the site. The costs of hosting such a website is also lower compared to that of an overly security environment which requires shrewd experts to develop. However, cost may arise where customers sue the business for protection purposes. On the other hand, browsing in an insecure open environment is characterized by various drawbacks. To begin with, the computers can be hacked thus infringing on private information. This may make the future transactions insecure and further cause loss of resources. Moreover, it would be easier to get computer virus attacks, which could stall operations and further cause loss of data that may be expensive to acquire. In addition, a company can be faced by innumerable cases from customers for violation
Wednesday, July 24, 2019
Advanced Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Advanced Technology - Essay Example 1 Sawing is a process which could be analyzed either as manual or with the help of electronic sawing machine. In general, only those who have a basic knowledge in carpentry can do sawing. However, it is also an interesting work, which can be done at home. There are certain tools, which are found at home such as layout tools, boring tools, cutting tools, clamps, striking tools etc. With the help of these tools, it would be very easy to make small wooden furniture at home for home use. This would be the best manufacturing method as it does not require a labour on a payment basis, and these garden stools can be manufactured one or two days. However, large pieces of unshaped wood are difficult to cut into sheets in required measurements, therefore before we start manufacturing it would be better to give the wood blocks in a sawmill meant specially for woods and get it cut into to desired shape with desired measurement. Emma [2006] suggests an identical idea in making a garden bench; she says, â€Å"You do not have to blow hundreds of dollars for a small bench in your garden. Use your imagination to come up with the other paired items that can be used for your new garden bench.†The paired items that she mentions here is the plywood and steel parts, which are found in markets. However, the idea of making use of the wood taken from a tree found inside the garden would be much cheaper than the one mentioned by Emma. 1. Drawing the stool in a paper with measurements required.- A garden stool does not require more space and it should hold maximum of two people. Take a plain white paper and draw the design of the stool graphically with the desired measurements. This garden stool should be 2 feet length and 3 feet width, and it should be fixed 2 feet from the ground level. The required dimensions would be : Designs over the top portion are drawn based one’s own wishes. Choose the paint colour and try to mention all the parts required to make the stool including the
Tuesday, July 23, 2019
Social Performance of National Football League(NFL) Research Paper
Social Performance of National Football League(NFL) - Research Paper Example Finally, in the end, a single elimination game is organized between the group winners of AFC and NFC. This culmination of the two group champions is known as the Super Bowl. The ultimate winner from the Super Bowl is awarded the Vince Lombardi Trophy. Other awards and accolades are given to the coaches and individual players for their exceptional performance that help a team to win. Most of the games are scheduled on the Sunday afternoons to attract more viewers. During the normal season, some games are planned on other week days like Thursdays and Mondays. The corporate structure of NFL is interesting to study. The league office of NFL is not constrained by income tax, as this unincorporated association earns no profit. However, the individual teams are subject to income tax because individually the teams generate profit. So NFL is like a trade association that is financed by its member teams. The league is mainly operated by the commissioner, treasurer and secretary. The conference s are headed by the president. An election is conducted to elect the commissioner and the president (August, n.d.). The prevailing weather condition is one of the key factors that affect the league externally. Sometimes the temperature can go below the normal expected temperature. This may negatively affect the league. Matches may get cancelled due to bad weather conditions, as in an extremely chilly weather it becomes difficult for the players to perform. It is also imperative to enhance the game experience for the fans. Initiatives should be taken by the league committee to conduct the games in indoor stadiums in case of adverse weather conditions. There has to be uniformity in the games so that unfair advantage is not given to any of the teams i.e. indoor facilities should be ensured for every match and not for particular matches as the external environment is vital for the team’s performance. Bad weather
Police and Lethal Force Essay Example for Free
Police and Lethal Force Essay Police work entails expectedly many opportunities for misuse of authority or the excessive use of force which is not necessary when in the line of duty (Strack 1994; ACLU 1991). This is a primary issue that concerns policing and the grave and abusive conduct of men in uniform whether they are in the United States or elsewhere in the world (Police culture and behavior 2008).  There are various factors that are usually pointed at whenever this happens; police officers already in the brink of burn out are a primary reason. However, the mental or psychological state of an officer is usually in question if this use of lethal force occurs.            Why is this considered an issue? It is a given usually, that a police officer is knowledgeable of the â€Å"force continuum†(www.policetest.info) which is a kind of scale that guides an officer in graduated level with which what method or approach will he resort to under any given circumstance (see appendix A). This shows that by his mere presence alone, the officer realizes, the suspect may be alerted or threatened and succeeding responses by the two individuals (i.e., if it involves two people only) are then again graded and evaluated by the officer according to the force continuum. Precisely because reports are aplenty concerning police brutality which happens when a suspect is frisked and/or confronted with a criminal activity and many of these instances that the persons of interest or suspects do not even have any weapon of sorts with them, nor were they in the position challenging the person in authority. The case of Rodney King in 1991 became a platform for many of these reforms that were made eventually, to respond to public clamor for justice regarding perpetrators the like of which Rodney King had suffered from.            Studies show that in most organizations where reforms have been initiated, what was important was the regular monitoring of the activities of police officers ensures that these men minimize their propensity to exercise the capability of employing lethal or deadly force against any citizen or any suspect unless merited. This is not just to safeguard any suspect or citizen whether they are coming from the expected â€Å"marginalized groups†where the most likely victims are men of color, older or aging citizens, women and children but even these same men in uniform from their own tendencies to act with anger or rage and resort to these means (ACLU 1991). â€Å"To serve and to protect†can mean both ways when interpreted in the light of these reforms: it means serving and protecting the men themselves who are employed to do the same to the general public. Affirming their code of ethics now and then may be a small thing but it is still a major part of reminding officers why they are in the force and the accountability that is necessary in the deterrence of themselves committing a crime needlessly. Appendix A  The Force Continuum More Force Deadly Force Less Lethal Pepper Spray, Baton, Taser Empty Hand Control Verbal Commands Less Force Officer Presence Source: http://www.policetest.info/FORCE_CONTINUUM_POLICE_USE_OF_FORCE.htm Works cited: Strack, Lorr M.1994. Personality profile of police candidates. Journal of Clinical Psychology; 50(2):200-7. www.pubmed.gov. _____ Police culture and behavior. Accessed March 12, 2008. file:///G:/A%20POLICE/Police%20Culture.htm American Civil Liberties Union. On the Line: Police Brutality and its remedies. New York. April 1991. Retrieved March 12, 2008 http://www.aclu.org/police/gen/14614pub19971201.html _______ Police Oral Boards and Use of Force Continuum. Retrieved March 12, 2008 http://www.policetest.info/FORCE_CONTINUUM_POLICE_USE_OF_FORCE.htm
Monday, July 22, 2019
Characteristics of Romanticism Essay Example for Free
Characteristics of Romanticism Essay 1. Medievalism looking on the past to a simpler lifestyle (the good ole days). Written in the Close of Spring by Charlotte Smith 2. Orientalism (exotic locales) places that everyday people would not venture. Mystery emotional stimulus. 3. Primitivism belief that man was born inherently good. (Noble Savage writing by people of primitive cultures Africa, Native American) Society makes them bad. 4. Progress Romantics were not against progress but feared the effects on society. Man could create a better world without materialism. 5. Anti-intellectualism belief that everything is just not rational. The Tables Turned by William Wordsworth 6. Sentimentalism (emotions) very affected by what they see. Raw formality. 7. Humanitarism believed that all men were created equal and that you should help others. 8. Democracy supporters of the French revolution until it became violent. Agreed with the civil American revolution, used portage to fight for reform. 9. Originality New poetic formats and genres. 10. Diversity Authors wrote books and music, but did not write in one style. Mastered the art of writing. 11. Confessionalism art is a confession of the inner soul. Characters confess and express how they feel. 12. Purgative Purpose of Art authors believed their writings were cleansing their souls. Lines Composed a Few Miles away from Tintern Abbey by William Wordsworth 13. Protest and Dissent Original Protesters ills of society and the church. Not all authors of this era believed in this. Lines Written in Early Spring by William Wordsworth 14. A love of the wild and picturesque Nature is almost a character in novels. Nature inspires creativity. Pastoral Poesy by John Clare
Sunday, July 21, 2019
I Came, I Saw, I Conquered
I Came, I Saw, I Conquered They say that the records are meant to be broken, Fortresses are built to be conquered and benchmarks are set to be achieved because if it wasnt for a record to be broken, benchmark to be achieved or a fortress to be conquered nobody would have ever built it in first place. A great personality once said that anything could be achieved but for that you should leave no stones unturned and victory will be yours. I, Shakeel Maqsood, and my team of Food Division, Gujranwala zone had the same thing in mind when we set the target of achieving a staggering 42.7 Million rupees sale in the month of August 2009; 10 Million rupees sales in Gujranwala city and 10 Million rupees sales in Sialkot city. My teams supervisors namely Shehzad Shah in Gujranwala and Adnan Yousaf in Sialkot took on the responsibility of delivering it and goodness me didnt they do well. Responsibilities were delegated to the individual team members of setting their own daily targets according to the plan and try to put in their best effort. Nobody was allowed to leave early even if the daily targets were met, they were asked to plan for the day ahead. It was for the first time in all my years with my team that I saw them turning from boys into men as they achieved such a huge target. It was intense work for best part of one month and I would like to congratulate my team for achieving this milestone which weve been looking to do so since very long. I would like to thank my dear God Almighty Allah for making me achieve this target and I would also like to heap praise on our respected NSM, Mr. Nadeem Khan and RSM, Mr. Amjad Niaz for giving us the kind of support we needed to achieve this target. Also I would like to thank National Foods Supply Chain and Logistics department because if it wasnt for their on-time stock deliveries this target would not have been possible. I hope that we keep on delivering better targets and achieve them in grand style. May God be with us All. Ameen.
Saturday, July 20, 2019
Tokyo Riots Essay examples -- Papers
Tokyo Riots The heaving mass of people pushed and hurled abuse at the front line of the riot police. There were hundreds of them, some of them genuine, protesting for something they feel is right, however, others just want trouble. The police know that they can only strive to prevent a disaster, they cannot stop one, only contain it and the problem is that the rioters know this too. They also know that the police cannot kill them or even harm them, their only weapon is arrest. The wave of pushing against the police teams shields drones on and on gradually getting larger and more powerful. The police officers faces are etched with fear as they attempt to hold back the swarm of people. Their attempts were failing, they were becoming tired and sub-consciously hurt by the comments being fired at them. It wouldn't be long until their wall of resistance would be smashed. Suddenly, in the corner of the team commander's eye through his grid locked riot helmet he could just see one of his men fall to the ground as the rioters penetrated the line. This was the signal to the rioters, chaos broke out immediately, action had to be taken. Everyone began fighting each other, vandalising property and attacking the police. The police were vastly outnumbered and had to think quickly. Re-enforcements ran into action attempting to push the rioters back out and arrest the offenders. Police vans were constantly escorting arrested rioters to the police station. Overhead, a helicopter surveyed the riot searching for instigators and known criminals so as to alert the troops below. "Hotel Echo Lima India to ground patrol, main instigator and drugs... ...how, I doubt that. For you see, I'm not really hereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦" and with that Willis wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ vanished. Was there a crime? Two shadows danced in the shadows as its two matching figures walked hand in hand down the dimly lit back alley. Gone was the rubbish dump but the stench of downtown Tokyo clung to the walls as though it had been burnt by the hot sun of many scorching days only to be cooled by the sticky hot nights that hid all dark and devious deeds. As the previous two figures passed under the soft orange glow of a nearby streetlamp their faces emerged from the darkness that had previously smothered their features. One was a man and one was a woman. The man in his forties, although he looked sixty-odd, and the woman had dark brown shoulder-length hair andà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a tattoo on her left shoulder of an elaborate red dragon.
Good and Evil in The Devil and Tom Walker :: The Devil and Tom Walker
Good and Evil in The Devil and Tom Walker  The concept of evil in the short story "The Devil and Tom Walker" can be shown in many ways, by Irvings' symbolism. In the short story, Tom Walker symbolizes all of mankind by portraying him as being "sinful" and evil. When there is an intent to destroy, then we get a different level of hatred. We see that good vs. evil has been a theme that is ubiquitous in many writings. The story "The Devil and Tom Walker" is a story about a man who lives an immoral life of greed. Walker lives in a wooded area, where it is solemn, and quiet area of New England. Walker runs into the devil and sees that the devil is cutting down someone else's timber. The evil is shown, by the devil in how he is premeditating the murder of a "Deacon Peabody". Walker contemplates this meeting with the devil, and recognizes that evil is wealth is the first priority for him. Tom Walker's wife, was filled with cupidity and wanted to acquire the gold that the devil had promised. Walker hadn't obliged to his wife, and due to his wife's acute cupidity set out on her own journey to acquire that gold. She had been killed because of her greed, and lack of morals for self-prosperity, which resulted in her death. This is an important example of the use of evil within "The Devil and Tome Walker". Walker is told from the devil that he could earn money through usury and extortion. Walker commits to usury and makes a generous sum of money. Walker has no repentance for such a sin and continues to his usury. The evil accumulates in the story as Walker accumulates more and more money, resulting from more and
Friday, July 19, 2019
The Epidemic of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Essay -- Post-Tr
The human brain is extremely complex, top scientists and surgeons still struggle to comprehend how it works. The way that the brain can process information and help a person to problem solve is amazing, but another part of the brain can hold memories. Some are good--like a memory of a family vacation or of family holidays--but there are also frightening memories that can haunt a person until his or her death, if they don’t get help. For a very long time researchers have focused on combatant PTSD, for very good reason, but now a problem has risen among civilians, and they have not been focused on the growth of PTSD right here in regular everyday people’s lives. Not just soldiers can be affected; civilian men, women, and children can be affected by the things they see every day. It can be the paramedic that is first on the scene or it could be the child who watches a robbery goes wrong and a loved one is caught in the cross-fire. Either way these people are all just as im portant to the american society as the soldiers. The importance of the military is massive, and yes I agree that we should help the soldiers who suffer from PTSD, I even have my own personal connections. My uncle went to Vietnam for the Vietnam war and when he came back he was paranoid and scared of anything that reminded him of Vietnam. He like so many other soldiers then and now has PTSD from what he had seen while overseas. The only problem with helping the soldiers is that we don’t focus on the others who also need help getting through their PTSD. There are so many research projects on how to help soldiers get through their PTSD, but their are a limited amount of PTSD research papers on the civilian side. Researchers will only focus on certain things, and pr... ... 07 Dec. 2013. Marais, Adele, et al. â€Å"Domestic Violence in patients visiting general practitioners: Prevalence, phenomenology and association with psychopathy.†SAMJ South African Medical Journal 89.6 (1999): 635-640. Web. 07 Dec. 2013. Schwarz, Eitan D., and Janice M. Kowalski. "Malignant memories: PTSD in children and adults after a school shooting." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 30.6 (1991): 936-944. Web. 07 Dec. 2013. "Survivor Care." LOVE146. LOVE146. Web. 06 Dec. 2013. Tarrier, Nicholas, and Lynsey Gregg. â€Å"Suicide risk in civilian PTSD patients.†Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 39.8 (2004): 655-661. Web. 07 Dec. 2013. The Amazing Spider-Man. Dir. Marc Webb. Perf. Andrew Garfield, Rhys Ifans, Martin Sheen, Emma Stone, Denis Leary, and Sally Field. Sony Pictures, 2012. DVD. 07 Dec. 2013.
Thursday, July 18, 2019
Explain what is happening in the passage of pages 120-128 of Wuthering Heights
It is this passage that Cathy realizes that she has made the wrong decision. She shouldn't have married Edgar she should be with Heathcliff. This realization is first saw when she saw her reflection in the mirror. ‘Is that Catherine Linton? ‘ Cathy asks this question because she saw someone that she does not recognize. She used to be a healthy, strong, wild girl and in her reflection she sees a pale, weak and unhappy woman. By seeing her reflection the reader can almost imagine what she is thinking. It seems as if she sees in the mirror her surroundings and realizes that it is her decision that puts her in this position. She chooses to marry Edgar and as a result denies her love for Heathcliff. From a feminist point of view it is a sign of Cathy's empowerment that she has finally realized that she shouldn't have married Edgar for his high social status, instead she should have married Heahcliff to satisfy her own feelings of immense love. It also touches on the fact that in this time period, once Cathy realizes she has made a mistake there is no way out of it, she has no means of escape, she is trapped. Cathy chose this path and as a result entered in to a world of distress and regret. From a moral point of view this passage also emits a strong message. Money and high status is not what makes you happy. You should choose to marry for love else you will end up regretting every minute. Also in this extract Nelly plays a very important role. She is highly unsympathetic to Cathy and she continually makes the assumption that Cathy has invented her illness. From a critics point of view it can be assumed that women during this time period used their frailty as strength to achieve what they want and make it so that they are in control. When Cathy asks Nelly why Edgar has not been to see her Nelly replies ‘the master has no idea of you being deranged, and, of course he does not fear that you will let yourself die of hunger' This is highly unsympathetic of Nelly and also very devious as Nelly has said nothing of Cathy's discomfort and ill health to Edgar, who would surely be worried if he knew. Cathy has further realization in this passage She previously thought that even though people around her hated each other they all still loved her ‘though everybody hated and despised each other, they could not avoid loving me' Although this gives a very self centered naive view of Cathy to the reader, it is true. What ever actions she pursued even if they hurt people they still can't help loving her. For example both Edgar and Heathcliff. She abandoned Heathcliff by marrying Edgar and by doing this ruined both of their lives however Heathcliff still endures undeniable love for her. Also Edgar is aware of Cathy's feelings for Heathcliff yet he still tends to her while she is sick and mourns for her greatly when she dies. This shows Cathy's great power in having control over men so much that they love her whatever she does to them. From a feminist point of view they would greatly reward Cathy for this. Also in this paragraph a complete turn around of Cathy's personality is shown. She is previously such a strong minded, self-confident character however it seem as though she has transformed in to a women with immense paranoia and depression. Not only has she realized that she wants to be with Heathcliff therefore feels regret and sorrow, but the man that she does have to stay with, the man she married, to her, does not care of her mental and physical state because he has not been to see her. She believes that Edgar will be happy to see her gone so that it ‘restores peace to his house' however this is not true. Edgar simply does not know of Cathy's state and this is all down to Nelly. Nelly has not informed Edgar as she believed that Cathy had invented her illness. I do not think that Nelly knows that in doing this she is actually making Catherine's illness worse as it is continually making her more distressed. ‘Tossing about she increased her feverish bewilderment' this paints a visual picture in to the readers head of the true state that Cathy is in. It is as though with time her mental state is quickly turning in to madness that she can't escape. Just like she can not escape her marriage. After this action Nelly realizes what the doctor said during her former illness. She should not be crossed; I think it is at this point that Nelly realizes the true seriousness of Cathy's case. Cathy continues to act with madness. Nelly describes her as ‘violent' which is the precise word judging from her following actions. ‘Pulling the feathers from the rents' Cathy then sorts the feathers according to different species. ‘That a turkeys, and this is a wild ducks and this is a pigeon's' This reference to birds transfers the readers m ind to the past when she was out on the moors with Heathcliff, open and free. The sense of entrapment enters the readers head again. The imprisonment of the Grange can not be compared to the open free moors. ‘Open the window again wide' I believe Cathy wants the window open because she feels this imprisonment and feels like only the wind from the moors can release her. When she opens it ‘the frosty air cut about her shoulders as keen as a knife' A very strong simile is used here because while Cathy feels as though the moors gives her a sense of freedom, this simile enters the feeling of death in to the readers mind by the word ‘knife' It is as if the moors knows that Cathy and Heathcliff can only be together once they are both dead. While looking out of the window Cathy claims that she sees Wuthering Heights ‘that's my room with the candle in it' the reference to the candle being lit is almost a resemblance of Cathy's life. It is though the candle still burns even when she has left Wuthering Heights but will soon die out when she dies herself. Cathy is the first one to make the promise that she will not rest until she is with Heathcliff. ‘I will not rest until you are with me†¦ I never will' so even when later in the book Heathcliff curses Cathy when she has died so that she will not rest peacefully, the reader knows that she does not want to rest without Heathcliff. When Edgar sees what is going on in Cathy's room he is extremely angry at Nelly for not informing him. His ignorance of Cathy's illness is shown ‘Catherine is ill? ‘ By Nelly not telling Edgar she has unknowingly ruined everything between them. Edgar has come too late because Cathy by this time has realized of her mistake. She gave him no glance of recognition' when he took her in to his arms. By this time she is in a different world, she no longer wants to be in this world of the Grange she wants freedom. It seems as if she has true hatred for Edgar. She acts as if it is his fault that Heathcliff and she are together when in fact it is her own fault. ‘You are one of those things that are ever found when least wanted and when you are wanted never! ‘ This shows she is mad that he has not come earlier when in fact it is all Nelly's fault for not making him aware. Catherine talks to him of death and where she wants her grave. This already shows that she has given up. It is as if she has no reason to live because she can't be happy without Heathcliff. ‘My resting place where I bound before spring is over' ‘in the open air with as head stone' this shows her link again with the moors. She wants to be buried there because it is where she feels safe; free and where she experienced the happiest times of her life.
Wednesday, July 17, 2019
Csr of Mnc
Table of table of contents INTRODUCTION1 UNILEVER2 philanthropy DETAILS2 CSR IN patronage PROCESS3 relations WITH SUPPLIERS3 CONTRIBUTING TO THE COMMUNITY4 REDUCTION IN mishap RATE4 SOURCING OF RAW MATERIAL4 SIGNATORY ISSUES5 AWARDS5 UNILEVER IN INDIA5 thrust SHAKTI5 SANJIVINI6 PROCTER & GAMBLE6 PHILANTHROPY DETAILS7 CSR IN BUSINESS PROCESS8 CSR conjunction POLICIES9 INDUSTRY psychoanalysis (FMCG)10 CITIGROUP INC. 11 PHILANTHROPY DETAILS11 FINANCIAL LITERACY11 Micro pay12 Commwholey Relations12 send offt-a-Tree of each sequenceyplacethroweavour12 CSR IN BUSINESS PROCESS12 Diversity12 Techno poundy13 clime Change13 milieu and affable absent a chance Management form _or_ system of government (ESRM)14 SIGNATORY INITIATIVES14 HSBC15 CSR AT HSBC15 GLOBAL EDUCATION PROGRAMMES16 INDUSTRY abbreviation (BANKING)18 VODAFONE19 CSR IN BUSINESS PROCESS19 COMPLIANCE WITH GRI GUIDELINES22 CONCLUSION23 REFERENCES24 entering Within the humanity of headache, the main debt inst rument for piles has historic every last(predicate)(prenominal)y been to distinguish capital and addition sh beholder take account. Although for decades, agate line has in whatsoever gaucherie been motivateive in charity, philanthropy, and civic activities including well-disposed topical anaestheticizements in health.Many times these consecrateings were little than st laygic, and were non directed to real societal deepen. Is then(prenominal) bundleive fond right belongings trees in some vague box seat of the universe of discourse or wearing a certain ca physical exercise? Today, argumentation understands doing salutary by doing good, In the last a couple of(prenominal) historic period, a movement defining broader corporeal responsibilities for the surround, for topical anesthetic communities, for work designers, and for ethical praxisshas self-collected momentum and interpreted hold. The era of showrn merged responsibilities hold in emerged. unified complaisant responsibility (CSR) is just rough how businesses align their determine and behavior with the expectations and pauperizations of stakeholders non just customers and investors, coldther in addition employees, providers, communities, regulators, special(prenominal) rice beer groups and hunting lodge as a whole. CSR demands that businesses deal come tabu the sparing, well-disposed and environmental affects of their operations to maximise the benefits and minimize the d throwsides. CSR is non scarcely closely fulfilling a duty to rules of order it should as well as bring competitive advantage. Through an good CSR computer computer coursememe, companies john rectify b opposite to majuscule sharpen closing- do and annul encounter bring up mail image unc alone all over antecedently hidden commercial opportunities, including fresh marketplace places keep d stimulate bes attract, retain and affect employees ere ctd in India close of the CSR Activities atomic act 18 good-hearted in reputation, just this instant field(a)ly it forms only a small portionage of nitty-gritty CSR. What if Indian companies withal started looking at CSR as to a great extent than m bingley donations and spate we push them. this where CSRidentity is positioning itself. CSRIdentity is a pick that arse be subr discoverine to hear reign overrs and to-be-managers well-nigh the real CSR stand a tool/re semen/data antecedent for CSR depts to refer to for CSR activities cozy up good CSR practices from cos. to motivate them use this to motivate Indian cos to match spheric standards CSRidentity. com answers a. retch identity for the corporate b. Project identity for the labels c. nongovernmental organization research d. CSR Research The eldest decl ar oneself of CSRidentity. com is to pull in capacity of the corporates on CSR. And the second purpose is to answer corporates project their identity. The portal takes the mode of discipline, research, analysis, views and interviews.It invites thought attractions to sh ar a path which can be fol first-class honours degreeed by differents, shargon constructs in business, and sh ar what went wrong. And piece doing this, it depart stand into that corporates think of the larger purpose than being myopic money harbourrs. CSRidentity. com has rich culture on CSR in philanthropy, CSR in business tran hardenedtles, CSR policies, globular trends in CSR It forge to sh be CSR case studies of all the global fortune 500 companies, stellar(a) 200 Indian companies & SMEs, and spark advance companies in about 20 countries. Each case education asserts great learning and reverberation potential.Unilever Unilever is a Fortune 500 companion and a global leader in the Fast Moving Consumer honests (FMCG) category. As Unilever fruits gather a vast number of consumers cosmopolitan every day, the confederacy assumptions i t has an opportunity to extend to some lives finished its CSR program. ball-shapedly Unilever lays to a greater extent furiousness on CSR in the avowedly sense i. e. a make outd accent mark on philanthropy. To ensure this, all brand managers in Unilever constantly work towards initiating CSR orifices for their brand to knock down the invasion of its brands on the environment. commission Unilevers mission is to add brio to biography sentence. To meet everyday occupys for nutrition, hygienics and personal c be with brands that stand by mountain feel good, look good and deal much out of demeanor. To understand the coarse program, it has been categorised into sub categories which include initiatorys in almsgiving, origin exploites, Impact on milieu, participation Policies and signer Issues. Philanthropy elaborate provender Donation In 2005, nearly two one gibibyte thousand pounds of food and grocery fruits were provided do the bet on Harvest netwo rk.Available by means of food pantries, soup kitchens, emergency shelters and some an an newborn(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) distributions centres, the foods aided over 25 one thousand thousand Americans turn off the risk of hunger. Nine zillion of these were children. Unilevers product donations made up 7. 6 gazillion pounds of the charitys total food ring a terzettofold approach shotion on our previous course of instructions donation. In total, Unilever US gives off products worth round $12. 5 cardinal every twelvemonth, approximately 70% of which goes to the spot Harvests hunger- moderation work. Donations during Natural Disasters Katrina and RitaUnilever donated $1 jillion to stand-in trys afterlife(a) the hurricanes dissociated equally mingled with the American Red Cross and the buyback Army. Employees as well as dug deep, contributing over $600,000 as part of a matching-gift programme. conservation of National Parks In whitethorn 2008, U nilever contributed grants of over $240,000 to 12 national set crossship canal the United States in an swither to aid wild life preservation. deprive and Ab employ Child earthly concern assistance Unilever donated an industrial washing rail elbow room car to the Durbans Children well-disposed club which is a c ar centre for children in the age group of 8-18 course of instructions and hasten been orphaned, abused or neglected.The washing machine go fulfil the gaudying needs for over 60 children in the nine on a daily floor. Child procreation Unilever donated $1 meg for the Families of Freedom encyclopedism fund a fund initiated to hang the preparation of children who lost pargonnts to the September 11 attacks. CSR in Business Process eatable Value in Food Products Unilever initiated the nutritionary Enhancement chopineme to improve the nutritional tonus of food and beverage products by assessing the level of four nutrients (establish on outside(a) guidelin es) Saturated Fats, Trans Fats, Salt and Sugar.The move has resulted in several(prenominal) revisions in products akin decline of 20% added sugar in brands for children such as twister drop-off in salt levels in soup products from European markets by 10% Breyers Ice thrash about launched a fat turn in set about in North America with 50% less saturated fats Initiating Hygiene Unilever remembers in ontogeny products that would deliver benefits to the great unwashed and make a difference to their health epoch promoting best practices for hygiene by helpering with local anesthetic, governing body and international bodies.Behaviour change is a mellow priority on Unilevers large numberaign and includes The worldwide Handwashing Day work by lifetimebuoy, Safe potable piddle Pureit, Improving Oral health misgiving Pepsodent and Close Up, Enhancing Self Esteem and break away Skin Dove and Vaseline. Influence on Consumers Includes inculcating best practices among c onsumers (Hygiene Campaign), Promoting outdoor learning and learning in children (Dirt is Good Campaign), breaking stereotypes (Doves Real Beauty Campaign) Dealing with EmployeesThe alliance lays emphasis on certain profound argonas of employees such as leading originatement, health and Safety of Employees, People Vitality, Global Diversity, go on boil down on Gender, Diversity training and Listening to employees. Dealing with providers The expectations of Unilevers suppliers ar codified in the Business henchman Code. It specifies guidelines which suppliers must follow in order to extend business with Unilever which include health and estimablety of workers, grind standards, consumer safety and clash on the environment. Unilever in addition conducts a Supplier Audit plan to site beas of profit and non compliance.Contributing to the confederacy Unilever ms its contribution to the alliance utilize the London Benchmarking sort out model. In 2008 a total of 91 million Euros was contributed to commercial fore more or lesss in the fellowship (27%), friendly investment (35%) and charitable donations (38%) with the greatest emphasis on health (52%) and schoolings (13%). Reduction in accident rate Unilever has continuously strived to put down the accident rate at its takings centres. It has succeeded in reducing the accident rate from 0. 26 to 0. 21 per light speed,000 hours worked over one year. CSR in alliance PoliciesAdvertising The beau monde indemnity restricts marketers from using size nought models in any of the ad run aways of Unilever. Sourcing of altogether Material Unilever has stubborn to purchase all palm oil from certified sustainable sources only, in this regard it has already purchased the first batch in November 2008. It has besides decided to procure tea for Lipton bags only from rainforest bothiance advised farms by 2015. survival of Suppliers Unilever has a stringent expectations manual which their supplier s are expected to adhere to, if they wish to continue business with Unilever.The beau monde has identified 11 parameters for the suppliers to adhere under the sustainable factory farm insurance policy. Already a triad of the suppliers curb registered with the electronic system to adhere to the norms. carbonic acid gasoline Emission reassureler The alliance has targeted to degrade emission by 25% measured per tonne from mathematical product plan by 2012. piddle system Conservation The come with has also affiliated to clip irrigate economic consumption in the merchandise swear out, during the years 1995-08 the association has getd irrigate consumption by 63%. It has also introduced product variants like Surf in India which equired less piss to wash clothes to conserve body of weewee. premature ventricular contraction Usage The corporation has decided to fall out the use of PVC (where sustainable alternates are acquirable) in an effort to turn out the v iolation of PVC on the environment. Waste Reduction Through the continuous efforts of the company, the performance process has reduced its do in per tonne of production by 68% in the 1995-2008 period. Signatory Issues Global Compact Unilever has instituted a ranking(prenominal) concern position to ensure that labour standards are upheld and the company continues to support the UN Global Compacts principles on military man and labour overcompensates.This aspect has been given towering priority by the exe write outive committee. GRI The sagacity of Unilevers Global pieceing green light (GRI) account has been certified to be B+. The very(prenominal) has been verified by third party incarnate Citizenship. Awards Awarded Two Good Egg awards by Animal Welfare NGO Compassion in domain Farming in recognition of their decision to source eggs only from coop free sources Unilever was awarded for the tenth year running, the leader in food sector in the Dow Jones Sustainability world power. Secured the Platinum standard award in the UK Business Community incarnate duty Index Included in Global coulomb virtually Sustainable corporations in the world for the 5th year running, a 2009 list compiled by Corporate Knights and Innovest strategic Value Advisors Gained joint first place in VBDO ( witness for come inors in Sustainable Enterprises) 2008 pass judgment for sustainable supply kitchen stove management, earlier of 34 new(prenominal) companies listed on the Dutch Stock Exchange Unilever in India allegiance to UN Global CompactHUL has separately reaffirmed its allegiance to the UN Global Compact and its ten principles. They support institutionalization of the principles enshrined in the Global compact amongst companies in India and are a founder fellow member of the UN Global Compact Society of India. Project Shakti Hindustan Unilevers Project Shakti is a rural initiative that targets small villages populated by less than 2000 individuals. It i s a laughable win-win initiative that catalyses rural affluence tear down as it benefits business. Lifebuoy Swastya ChetnaLifebuoy Swastya Chetna (LBSC) is a rural health and hygiene initiative which was started in 2002. LBSC was initiated in media dark villages (in UP, MP, Bihar, westward Bengal, Maharashtra, Orissa) with the objective of spreading awareness about the importance of washing hands with soap. beauteous and loving root The Fair & Lovely (FAL) root endeavors at economic sanction of women crosswise India by providing randomness, resources and support in the welkins of direction, career and enterprise. It itemally targets women from low-income groups.Sanjivini HUL started Sanjivani a free officious medical service camp in the year 2003 near its doom Dooma factory in Assam. The aim was to provide free industrious medical installation to the interior villagers in Assam. This was done property in mind the lack of spirit medical facilities available in the villages in and around Doom Dooma. PROCTER & GAMBLE Procter & guess Co. is a Fortune 500, American MNC headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio As of 2008, P is the 8th largest corporation in the world by market capitalization and 14th largest by profit.It manufactures a wide cranial orbit of consumer goods. It has one of the strongest portfolios of trusted, quality, leading brands including Pampers, Tide, Ariel, Always, Whisper, Pantene, MACH3, Bounty, Dawn, Gain, Pringles, Folgers, Charmin, Downy, Lenor, Iams, Crest, Oral-B, Actonel, Duracell, Olay, Head & Shoulders, wella, Gillette, Braun, and Fusion Vision Be, and be recognized as, the best consumer products and work company in the world. Purpose caller chooses to be the launching leader in every business, product category and realm where P competes.P views sustainability as a pregnant responsibility and a continual source of opportunity. 2012 SUSTAINABILITY GOALS OF P Strategy 1 Products Develop and market at least $20 o ne million million million in cumulative gross gross r horizontalue agreements of sustainable innovation products, which are products with a world-shakingly reduced (10%) environmental footstep versus previous or alternative products. Strategy 2 Operations stimulate an additional 10% step-down (per unit production) in carbon dioxide emissions, null consumption, pee consumption and disposed superfluity from P plants, leading to a total simplification over the decade of at least 40%.Strategy 3 amicable certificate of indebtedness Enable 250 million children to Live, discipline and spread out. Prevent 80 million days of disease and indite 10,000 lives by delivering 2 billion liters of clean water by means of Childrens Safe drink Water program Strategy 4 Employees take aim and equip all P employees to soma sustainability thinking and practices into their everyday work. Strategy 5 Stakeholders Shape the future by operative transparently with stakeholders to enable continued emancipation to innovate in a trustworthy way. P follows CSR activities in interest categories Philanthropy Details tuition everywhere the outgoing 12 years, P has built over 140 schools across rural China, percentage tens of thousands of children access better education facilities and an meliorate learning environment. Through this program, P tropes and maintains facilities, trains teachers, and provides health and hygiene education programs. P fancy Schools engage employees on multiple levels, even encouraging participation from employees families. It uses cause-related trade efforts, more than 320,000 retail outlets and 100 million consumers turn out also supported P take to Schools.Shiksha (India) Through Shiksha, which means education, P is providing children in 15 cities and 75 villages across India with access to education. This program commits a portion from the sale of P brands toward the education of children in need in India. P India has also launc hed the Shiksha embassador Program, allowing employees to lead a word-of-mouth campaign to raise awareness of the issue. Infant health Pampers/1 Pack = 1 vaccine campaign helps babies in under demonstrable regions, especially Africa, get off to a sizeable start.Each time a consumer purchases a package of Pampers, a vaccination is provided via UNICEF to a child in need. So far, more than 50 million vaccinations befuddle been funded. P hopes to eradicate maternal and neonatal lockjaw done and with this effort, saving tens of millions of lives. Safe Drinking Water Childrens Safe Drinking Water initiative provides safe alcoholism water for children in need around the world, with an emphasis in Africa. It provides emergency relief and establishes safe beverage water applied science to children and their families.This program is on the ground in developing nations such as Uganda, Kenya and Malawi. then far, technology has provided more than a billion liters of clean drinking wat er. Goal is to provide up to 2 billion liters of water by 2012. Community Welfare Enfance Mal-Logee (France) Program supports families with children living in sub-standard housing. This Live, light upon and Thrive program helps move families from sub-standard living conditions to safe, favorable housing, allowing children to stay with their families earlier than being laid in orphanages. T. O. U. C. H. Together for Our Community Here) program has resulted in thousands of hours of voluntary work to help disabled, sick, and underprivileged children in Geneva. CSR In Business Process Waste Management P Gattatico Plant instituted a War on Waste program in January 2008 to reduce the trend in liquid waste due(p) to increasing change-over sanitizations as production lines produced to demand. Gattatico is a waste lead site for EMEA. At the end of FY 07/08 the site avoided 3,000 lashings of disposed liquid waste. By the end of FY 08/09 they plan to reduce by otherwise 2,200 tons.Thi s plan testament have over a 50 percent reduction impact on the waste whole step by FY11/12. The key interventions include cycle wash water back into the process improved washout procedures and adding wastewater overlayment to reduce the COD levels prior to can discharge. Energy saving and Emission reduction P operations pioneered breakthrough technologies to reduce cypher consumption. Among the simple, low-cost steps were the undermentioned oUsing water spray instead of electrical power to cool water oRecovering waste heat from washout and sanitization water Using high-efficiency long-life lighting Over the year, these changes helped to reduce mean output heartiness by 6 10 percent for each site. They are currently being reapplied across other business units. In addition, energy training and energy audits were conducted at all sites this year, making each in parasitic in delivering sustainability opportunities. There has been a devolve over the past three years in C O2 (Direct) 2. 9 million measured tons, 2. 9 million system of measurement tons and 2. 8 million metric tons in 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively.Also thither has been a decrease over the past three years in water consumption 91 million m3, 90 million m3 and 87 million m3 in 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. Technology/ Information Technology Managing innovation sustainably begins with the use of comprehensive analysis tools. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) generates a polish off environmental footprint, extending beyond carbon impact to measure total energy and water use and waste production. Also include are the impacts of consumer use of P products, as well as all emissions into the air, water and land.This detailed review pinpoint areas where our innovation efforts can be most in force(p). reprocess At manufacturing site for perfume in Avenel, New Jersey, P developed a new process for blending applesauce material for reprocessing as an ingredient for potpourri. As a result, a nnual generation of dispute waste at the site has dropped from 50,000 kg to zero. Each site superintends total hang up particulates, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), atomic number 7 oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOx). Overall, the total air emissions fall from last year to 15. 9 thousand metric tons.P continues to contract modern cycle methods to change the trend to be more efficient. CSR Company Policies Disclosure policy Disclosure controls are systems and processes that help ensure that important information is made available to the honorable mountain at the right time. The Company requires every area of the business to maintain disclosure controls to provide equal sanction that material information is narrative to the catch levels of the Company so that the appropriate business steps can be taken to address any issues, and so that the Company can consider whether the information should be disclosed externally just Policy and Compliance G uidelines Antitrust laws are intentional to prohibit agreements among companies that fix equipment casualtys, divide markets, limit production or other than impede or destroy market forces. P policy is that all employees strictly comply with antitrust laws and the competition and anti-monopoly laws of all countries, states and localities in which they conduct P business. Supervisors and managers are answerable for ensuring that employees under their responsibility are aware of and comply with this policy. Child grok and bailiwicker Exploitation Policy P does non use child or forced labor in any of our global operations or acilities. P do non tolerate impossible worker treatment, such as maturation of children, strong-arm punishment or abuse, or involuntary servitude. The Company respects employees right to freedom of association, third party point of reference and collective bar light uponing where all P by law. P expect our suppliers and contractors with whom P do busine ss to uphold the corresponding standards. HIV/AIDS Policy All employees, including those who are HIV infected or with AIDS, are treated reconciledly with the Companys Purpose, look upon & Principles (PVP) by the Company, their managers and coworkers.P&G treat employees with HIV/AIDS the same as P&G treat those with other serious illnesses. Specifically, an employee who is HIV-infected or with AIDS have the same exercise rights and responsibilities as other employees, has the same eligibility for employee benefits and programs, including medical care and balk coverage, as non-infected employees, is afforded privacy and confidentiality protection consistent with the Companys handling of confidential, medical or other sensitive information, and is provided management support to inhabit productive Fair CompetitionP compete strictly on the merits of our products and services and make no attempts to restrain or limit trade. P do not enter into agreements with competitors concerning prices, production volumes, customers or sales territories. P do not diminish the products or services of a competitor. P collect competitive information through proper public or other lawful carry but do not use information that was obtained illicitly or improperly by others, including through misrepresentation, invasion of property or privacy, or coercion. Advertising/Promotion PoliciesNeither jerry-built advertising nor questionable promotional employment can ever be justified. These are vital tenets of P dedication to consumers and meaty to gaining and keeping their continuing loyalty to our brands. P go ons standards of commercial fairness in devising, using and selecting advertising and promotions, so the products succeed based on their own quality and performance and our reputation as a company, rather than by false or deceptive statements or comparisons. AWARDS 1. In December of 2007, P was honored with the highly prestigious presidential Ron Brown Award for Corpora te Leadership. . transnational Health Communication Gold laurel Award, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of existence Health for construct market-based relationships that sustain and deliver safe drinking water. 3. Childrens environmental Health excellency Award, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency for spectacular leadership in protecting children from environmental risk. 4. Global Leadership Award, United Nations Association of the USA in part, for providing clean water for millions around the world through the Childrens Safe Drinking Water program. accounting is prepared using the Global insurance coverage Initiatives (GRI) G3 Guidelines. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (FMCG) FMCG perseverance primarily deals with the production, distribution and marketing of consumer packaged goods. Some of the prime activities of FMCG industry are shareing, marketing, financing, purchasing, etc. The industry also engaged in operations, supply train, production and general management. Wit h increased competitiveness in the sector, it is exact for an each organization to supplement its cordial activities in order to gain a competitive advantage.The increased believability and good pull up stakes earned from the customers and associates is an invaluable nonphysical asset for the FMCG organization. CSR has now become a part of the corporate strategy thinking. A CSR act of FMCG companies generally involves improving their processes and brings out change through policy measures. most(prenominal) of the companies use communication medium and channels partners to showcase their activities and sensitize the population about the issue. Global FMCG companies have nominal head in more than 50 countries and CSR activities are designed match to the local issues and problems.Business Process Innovation is the key for P and through innovation company brings efficiency in overall operations. white plague of technology to reduce the inventory, waste management and emission r eduction issues are some of the activities undertaken. Unilever mainly compacts on providing more nutritional value to its product and promoting good practices for hygiene. Unilever is also involved in waste management and emission reduction. Company policies P strongly advocates CSR through its policies and follows the same across all the offices and manufacturing units.Providing right information to consumers, no discrimination of employees on favorable status or on health issues like AIDS. Unilever mainly controls its supply chain through strict policy measures and make them also socially obligated for(p). Philanthropy Most of the P activities across the globe concentrate on Child welfare. Through Live, Learn and Thrive Program Company provides education, scholarship, safe drinking water to millions of children. Unilever is providing to relief to tragedy affected areas.Also wild life preservation and environment conservation initiatives are undertaken. CITIGROUP INC. About t he Company Citigroup Inc. , a global monetary services company, provides consumers, corporations, governments, and institutions with a range of pecuniary products and services, including consumer banking and impute, corporate and investment banking, securities brokerage, and wealth management. The hollow out citizenship priorities of Citi include microfinance, financial education and asset preservation, and the environment.These are the areas in which Citi holds peculiar(prenominal) expertise and has an opportunity to make a material difference. We will be discussing the CSR activities undertaken by Citi under two engage heads philanthropy and CSR in business practices. Philanthropy Details monetary literacy The Citi infrastructure supports programs that provide individuals with access to knowledge and incentives that help them take control of their financial future by making informed decisions, acquiring and preserving financial assets, and responding to study life even ts that can affect income and expenses.The specific marks of Citi intromission program are Invest over $200 million over ten years in financial education Support programs to help low income families word form and come to assets. Performance highlights for 2008 fundamental funding till date has been $149 million. In 2008 alone, Citi invested $28 million in 73 countries. The total number of individuals overtakeed through this program by the year 2008 is 22,344,441. Microfinance The Citi Foundation has been back up the refinement and evolution of the microfinance industry for decades.Its sexual climax is to Expand outreach to millions more low-income borrowers anatomy and preserve borrowers assets via savings, housing finance, remittances, insurance, and financial education Build global awareness of microfinance as an effective poverty alleviation tool The highlights of the microfinance initiative of Citi are as follows Citi Foundation sponsored the Microfinance banana Skins Survey 2009 that describes the risks facing the microfinance industry. Citi launched an innovative micro-savings product called Citibank Pragati in India.It utilizes a biometric ATM, which can identify customers not only on the basis of a card and a pin, but also by their fingerprints, and it displays and speaks to customers in up to hexad languages. On May 9, 2007, SKS Microfinance and Citibank denote a $40 Million (Rs. clxxx crores) financing program involving Citibank India purchasing loans that are originated by SKS. Community Relations downstairs its community relations initiative, one of the major programs of Citi has been its Office of Homeownership Preservation (OHP).Through this, Citi is working hard to keep distressed homeowners whose mortgages it owns or services in their homes and out of foreclosure. It formal its Office of Homeownership Preservation (OHP) in 2007, as the foreclosure crisis began to emerge. This initiative has helped approximately 440,000 homeowner s since 2007 through sledding mitigation and proactive loan modification. In the year 2008 OHP Reached out to 88,000 borrowers Participated in 106 borrower outreach program in 72 cities Trained more than 600 counselors from 304 non-profit organisations Worked with 18,240 borrowers to find foreclosure solutions Plant-a-Tree initiativeIn April 2007, Citi choose a Plant-a-Tree initiative to throw environmental awareness by encouraging its credit card holders to switch to paperless statements, planting a tree for each conversion made. CSR in business process Diversity Citi strives to be an Employer of Choice by a. Hiring, training, mentoring and championing individuals from diverse backgrounds. b. offering training to employees on topics such as Championing Diversity, Valuing Diversity and Inclusion at Citi and Leadership Through the Lens of Diversity. It strives to be a Business Partner of Choice by a.Maintaining a diverse supplier base. Its supplier regeneration team tries to id entify and guide qualified business enterprises owned by minorities, women, and people with disabilities, veterans and disabled veterans. Energy Citi has undertaken unhomogeneous initiatives to conserve energy by following certain practices in its business process. It has developed a Green Energy Community Investment storehouse which supports the installation of solar electric systems on commercial buildings, in particular the ones which are under privileged. Also, amongst the year 2006 and 2008, it centralized its recycling of e-waste operations in New York.More than 0. 1 million devices were recycled between these two years itself. Citi is also looking at increasing the subdivision of purchases with recycled content in its office supplies. In the year 2008, it increased from 33% to 38%. Employees Citi is particularly accented towards its employees. It provides Employee Assistance Plan (EAP) to help employees manage stresses related to blood line loss, personal counseling etc. It also offers Flexible Work Strategies program through which the employees can decide when they want, from where they want and how they want to work.Technology In the year 2008, Citi launched log off for Savings program. This program involves centrally managing PC sleep settings. This initiative would make do down GHG emissions and save costs too. other of its initiative, Desktop Standardization Initiative (DSI) deployed trim back Client technology which uses anywhere from 6 to 50 watts, versus the 150 to 350 watts used by a standard PC. Citi also plans to reduce number of overall datacenters from 52 to 24. In the year 2008, it has come down to 32 datacenters.Citi has also been adopting virtualization to reduce the need for physical resources. It is also trying to conserve energy resources through travel substitution by Using Tele- and video conferencing wherever possible. humour Change On May 8, 2007, Citi announce that it will direct $50 billion over the next 10 years to address global climate change through investments, financings and related activities to support the commercialization and harvest-time of alternative energy and clean technology among the clients and markets it serves, as well as within its own businesses and operations.In 2008, Citi eliminated six million square feet of office quadriceps femoris through the Alternative Workplace Strategies program. Environment and Social Risk Management Policy (ESRM) This policy was developed in 2003 to help address environmental and social issues from both a credit risk opinion and a reputation and franchise risk perspective. The CMB ESRM Policys summation elements are based on the Equator Principles. The ESRM policy assesses the outlet from the financial transactions into three categories ? Category A enforce of proceeds is expected to have a square adverse impact on society and/or environment. Category B Use of the proceeds is expected to have peculiar(a) adverse impact on society and /or environment. ?Category C Use of proceeds is expected to have borderline adverse impacts. Signatory initiatives Equator Principles In adopting the Equator Principles, Citi concur to provide loans only to those projects whose borrowers can show their ability and willingness to comply with comprehensive processes aimed at ensuring that projects are developed in a socially responsible manner and according to sound environmental management practices.Global describe Initiative (GRI) Citi uses Global inform Initiative (GRI) G3 Sustainability Guidelines in Citis 2008 Citizenship Report. It is a self-declaring a B Application level. The carbon Principles Through its payload towards the Carbon Principles, Citi has verbalise in to Encourage investments in cost effective demand reduction to reduce the amount of CO2 emissions. Encourage clients to invest in cost effective renewable sources of energy and distributed technologies. Assess and reflect the risks in the financing of certain fossil enkindle generation in the light of the need to substantially reduce greenhouse gas pollution through its Enhanced referable Diligence process. On September 14, 2009, Citi proclaimed that it has been included in the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index (DJSI) for the ninth consecutive year, affirming Citis position as a global sustainability leader. Associations Citi has umpteen NGO partners Friends of the Earth (U. S. ), EcoLogic Finance, Forest Trends, rainforest Action Network, Wildlife Habitat Council, World Wildlife Fund etc. Awards CitizenshipBest Corporate Citizen, Second Place in Foreign Company Category Common Wealth Magazine, chinaware Best Bank for Corporate Social Responsibility The Bank of the Year Competition, Hungary well(p) Mention for Best CSR Award chinaware Academy of Banking and Finance Diversity 100% Corporate Equality Index humans Rights Campaign (United States) fifth time on the list Employees Best Flexible Work Practices Hong Kong HR Awards 2 008 The City Foundation The Citi Foundation is committed to the economic empowerment of individuals and families, particularly those in need, in the communities where it works so that they can improve their standard of living.Citi is particularly interested in supporting program innovations in the following priority management areas Microfinance Help individuals and families improve their lives through economic self-sufficiency and reduce financial picture Small and Growing Businesses To create employment opportunities and support broad economic development Education programs To help improve quality and access to primeval and secondary education in Citi markets internationally, and in the United States programs that increase the number of low-income and first-generation students who enroll in postsecondary education and earn a degree Financial Education and Asset Building To help individuals and families develop the knowledge they need to hit financial stability HSBC HSBC Holdin gs plc is a public limited company incorporated in England and Wales in 1990, and headquartered in London since 1993.As of 2009, it is both the worlds largest banking group and the worlds 6th largest company according to a composite measure by Forbes magazine. HSBC has an enormous operational base in Asia and significant lending, investment, and insurance activities around the world. The company has a global reach and financial fundamentals matched by a few(prenominal) other banking or financial multinationals CSR at HSBC The focus of HSBCs work on environmental issues primarily addresses the risks and opportunities associated with climate change and natural resources, including energy, water management, waste and biodiversity. The social initiatives they prioritise include making financial services available more astray and providing access to education.HSBC believe this is the best way to help communities build capacity, financial freedom and long-term prosperity. Sustainabilit y at HSBC is overseen by the Corporate Sustainability Committee of the HSBC Holdings Board. The Corporate Sustainability Committee is responsible for advising the HSBC Holdings Board, committees of the Board and executive management on sustainability policies, including environmental, social and ethical issues. Focus landing correction The main focus of HSBCs commitments is on two main themes education and the environment. HSBC believes that we are dependent upon the skills of future generations if we do not prepare them adequately, we limit our future potential. approaching to education can be life changing and helps to equalise opportunity.It is also a prerequisite for economic growth and the growing of stable societies. Their educational support focuses on Disadvantaged children Financial and business literacy Environmental education and understanding They equally believe that the needs of todays society should not be fulfilled at the expense of future generations. It believ es that we are dependent upon the state of the environment, and if we degrade it, we damage our future prospects. Our environmental support focuses on mode change Freshwater (e. g. rivers) Biodiversity (plants, forests and animals) Global Education create by mental acts Opportunities for disadvantaged children future(a) FirstThe flagship programme, Future First, has taken on the challenge of lot homeless children, orphans and children in care around the world. For this they are working in union with the charity SOS Childrens Villages, among others, with the shared aim to provide access to education and life skills training. This helps the children to grow in confidence and, in time, to make their own contribution to society. Our presence in over 80 countries and territories presents us with a large network of people and resources capable of making a significant difference to these childrens lives. Rural Children curriculum China has seen impressive economic growth over the la st two decades but a vast disparity form between the prosperity of rural and urban regions.To help support the ongoing succeeder of the outlandish, HSBC has identified a need to build up the educational infrastructure in rural areas where 95 per cent of primary schools are located. HSBCs Rural Children Programme aims to improve facilities and provide training to teachers in curriculum design, computer-aided teaching, nutrition and counselling to help support a modern and round education for rural children. Financial Literacy Programme JA More than Money As fellowship debt rises throughout many developed countries and the world inclines economic uncertainty, gaining an early understanding of how to create and manage a sustainable income is ever more important for individuals and for society as a whole. HSBC launched JA More than Money in 2007 in confederation with Junior transaction Worldwide.HSBC colleagues are involved in classroom activities where they draw on their own sk ills and experience to teach children about earning, spending, manduction and saving money. Promoting environmental education Eco Schools mood Initiative The HSBC Eco-Schools Climate Initiative is run by the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE) and with HSBCs support will be able to expand the programme across the world. The programme involves a tried and time-tested vii step processes to engage the immaculate population of the school in possible activities to improve their local environment. Through these seven steps, students, parents, teachers and the wider community are encouraged to take a more active routine in environmental decision making. place in the EnvironmentProtecting the environment is central to HSBCs sustainability strategy as a carbon neutral organization. They focus on reducing the footprint of their own operations and even encourage their clients and suppliers to do the same. They also partner with leading environmental organizations to carry out shared goals. The Climate concourse works with corporate and government leaders in some of the worlds cities to take on climate change. Participation in the HSBC Climate Partnership has enabled the launch of new offices and recruitment of new members in Beijing, Hong Kong and Delhi gain the launch of the UK Together campaign, dowery households save carbon dioxide by providing cheap and palmy ways for consumers to reduce their carbon footprint.The HSBC Climate Partnership has helped WWF to support 33 nature reserves in China to tackle increased flooding, reduce pollution and forethought endangered species in the central and lower berth Yangtze River. The HSBC Climate Partnership makes up around 80% of HSBCs overall investment in the environment. It is complemented by a number of local programmes, many of which allow its employees the opportunity to engage in and understand conserving their local environment. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (BANKING) Banks act as financial intermediaries in our society they price and value financial assets, they monitor borrowers, they manage financial risks and they organize the remunerationment system. By performing these functions, banks have a huge impact on society.They usually require firms and households to adopt certain behaviour in order to increase the chances that these lenders will pay interest and amortizations. As such, they also whitethorn affect sustainable development. Socially responsible banking is becoming a well-established notion in the financial services industry. Financial institutions are coming round to the idea that there is more to invest than just to relegate the figures. In the US, every one out of eight dollars invested is subject to some social or ethical screen. In most countries, private households have the opportunity to save or invest their money not only on the basis of financial rewards, but also in the face of the nonmonetary value of savings and investments.In many OECD countries, specialized banks offer savings accounts to the public trance promising that the savings will be used to finance environmentally sound projects or for operations of entrepreneurs who find it hard to get access to finance from institutions that are more conventional. Women and minorities have been targeted specifically in this respect in the US based on so-called community investments. In more than 40 countries including several developing countries like Brazil and South-Africa people can put their savings in socially responsible investment bills that in some way or another check for corporate social responsibility (CSR) of the firms in which they invest. Banks increasingly are involved with financing economic activity that aims at sustainable development and offer microcredit to the poor and deprived. Some of the important CSR initiatives taken by assorted banks are Reporting StandardsNon-financial account is a very popular instrument in the banking sector and this is a partial confirma tion of CSRs adulthood of the sector. Banks have developed their own field of studys and use the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) reporting framework. Financial Literacy With growing business banks and other financial institutions have started realizing of creating awareness about financial planning. To address this issue banks have started with financial literacy programs at various levels. bid HSBC has launched JA More than Money program to instill children on financial planning magic spell on the other hand Citi has various programs targeting adults for the financial literacy. Climate Change and Environment ProtectionBanking Industry has shown concerns towards changing climatic conditions. Although banks have less impact on the natural environment than, say, the chemical or mining industry, their relatively low impact on environmental sustainability is more than paying(a) for by their impact on society as a whole. Most of the initiatives are towards reducing the total CO2 emitted not only by them but also by their stake holders forming part of the value chain. Some of the important steps are like commitment of USD50 billion by Citi towards climate control investments, HSBCs eco-school climate initiative to provide education on climate conservation awareness. EnergyBanks are encouraging investments in green energy. The hike is mainly in terms of notes and other financial assistance specifically allocated for installation of green energy sources. recycle of waste and use of recyclable supplies is been done at the institution level by majority of the banks. Vodafone Vodafone is a British rambling network operator, with its headquarters in Berkshire, England, UK. It is the largest fluent telecommunications network company in the world by turnover, and has a market value of about ? 75 billion (August 2008). Vodafone currently has operations in 31 countries and partner networks in a throw out 40 countries. Vision To be worlds mobile communications lea der, enriching customers lives, helping individuals, businesses and communities be more connected in a mobile world. Vodafones latest Corporate Responsibility Report It highlights how the companys expansion in emerging markets is facilitating economic development by increasing access to communications. The rapid expansion of the network means one of Vodafones biggest issues is how to control greenhouse gas emissions. To address this Vodafone deep announced a target to reduce CO2 emissions by 50% by 2020 in its established markets. This years report outlines how the company aims to achieve this ambitious goal.Vodafone is also exploring how its products and services can help other industries cut their carbon footprint, and is increasing its focus on managing climate impacts in the supply chain. Vodafones social and environmental performance in 2008/09 is report in its signature We said, We have, We will format. CSR in business process Decreased like-for-like carbon emissions by 4. 7 % In 2008/09, companys total CO2 emissions was1. 31 million tonnes, 4. 7% lower than last year despite an increase in energy use. The carbon intensity of the aggroups energy consumption has decreased due to our increased use of green duty energy energy generated from renewable sources. This group reduction target applies to our entire local run companies that active for a unspoilt year in 2006/07 and to their CO2 emissions from all energy ources except business flights and other greenhouse gases. Increased the number of sites powerd by on-site renewable energy by 7. 5% across the convention Vodafone now has 429 base stations powered by on-site renewable energy in eight countries, Diesel is often used to power sites that are not connected to the electricity grid, as well as being used in back-up generators in case of power failure. In 2008/09, diesel engine use accounted for 6. 3% of our total CO2 emissions from network energy use across the Group. This proportion is higher in our Indian operations. Collected 1. 82 million handsets for reprocess and recycling Vodafone has exceeded our target to collect 1. 5 million handsets during 2008/09.Vodafone operating(a) companies continued their efforts to collect handsets for recycling, collecting approximately half a million more handsets than last year representing a 37% increase. Begun a pilot burner project to assess capability for recycling e-waste in Mumbai In 2008/09, Vodafone commenced an end-of-life assessment of mobiles in India, particularly in Mumbai, with The Environment Resources Institute. The study aims to assess current practices and devise strategies to improve end-of-life management of mobile phones. Supply chain Vodafone expect all our suppliers to maintain high ethical, environmental and labour standards, and Vodafone work with them to build their CR capability. Our Code of Ethical get (CEP) sets out our requirements and Vodafone assess new and subsisting suppliers for compliance with th e CEP.Vodafone also engage in industry partnerships to improve CR standards throughout the supply chain for the ICT sector as a whole. Diversity in manpower The strategy, launched in April 2008, aims to ensure that Vodafones work force reflects its diverse customer base and that the company has an inclusive working environment that embraces the benefits diversity brings. Implementation of the strategy is overseen by a global steering committee. The initial focus is on gender and nationality diversity. In 2008/09, 13% of our most senior managers including three operating company CEOs were female. A total of 23 nationalities were represented in top management bands, an increase on 2007/08.Introduced a new health and safety strategy In February 2009, Vodafone developed a three-year strategic plan to prevent fatalities and ensure effective writ of execution of our product safety policy. To achieve this, Vodafone will introduce initiatives to promote leadership in health, safety exten d our online management and reporting systems, and improve health and safety boldness and risk management. Consumer Issues Vodafones reputation depends on earning the trust of its customers. Their loyalty is vital to the long-term achiever of our business. This section covers a range of issues that Vodafone believe play an important part in maintaining customer trust.Important consumer issues include the clearness of our pricing, the responsibility of our marketing material, the way Vodafone process customer privacy and our measures to protect customers from contrary content, contact and commercialism. Vodafone also address other consumer issues such as responsible mobile phone use, driving safety and mobile theft. Safety from RF & EMF develop employee awareness training and awareness initiatives on RF fields Vodafone has made significant investment in e-learning programs, induction briefings and opposite training to raise awareness among germane(predicate) employees in all o ur local operating companies to enable them to fulfill their vital piece in communicating our approach to RF fields. The International Commission on Non-Ionizing shaft Protection (ICNIRP) has issued guidelines on levels of exposure to RF fields.Vodafones policy on Health and Safety of RF Fields requires that all our base stations and the mobile phones Vodafone sell comply with ICNIRP guidelines. In fact, RF field exposure from our base stations is typically hundreds, if not thousands, of times below the limits set by the guidelines. Mobile for silver screen and indifferent(p) people Vodafone is currently focusing on making its services easier to use for customers who are Blind or visually impaired Deaf or hard of consultation Elderly or have special healthcare needs. This textbook-to-speech software enabling blind and visually impaired customers to use text messages is an updated version of Mobile Speak.Health Service vial mobile An mHealth services pre-feasibility study i n India. A total of ? 450,598 was provided by the Fund towards these initiatives at 31 environ 2009. In 2008/09, Vodafone fostered continued developments in mHealth by partnering with and investing in t+medical, the leading provider of mobile phonebased technology used to transfer patient biometric data. t+ medical checkups innovative technology enables patients with degenerative diseases to record details about their condition and treatment using their mobile phones. The information is quickly and easily relayed to nurses who can monitor the data and take action if Necessary. Corporate GovernanceThe Board of the Company is committed to high standards of corporate governance, which it considers are critical to business haleness and to maintaining investors trust in the Company. The Group expects all its directors and employees to act with honesty, integrity and fairness. The Group will strive to act in accordance with the laws and customs of the countries in which it operates ado pt proper standards of business practice and procedure operate with integrity and observe and respect the culture of every country in which it does business. Vodafone Group Plc Annual Report 2008 65 Awards During the year, Vodafones 2007 CR report won the main accolade of the Corporate Register Reporting Awards for the best report and was commended by the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) for the best isclosure in Tax and Public Policy. Vodafone is included in the FTSE4Good and Dow Jones Sustainability Index and rated fifth in the Global Account cogency Rating. The Vodafone Group Foundation The Vodafone Group Foundation is a UK registered Charity established by Vodafone Group Plc in 2002. It has invested over ? 100 million in projects since its creation and currently receives ? 24 million per annum from the Vodafone Group Plc which it distributes between projects globally and its unique global footprint of 23 Vodafone Foundations. Vodafone is committed to making a difference in the communities in which it operates. The Vodafone Group Foundation has invested over ? 00 million in projects since its creation in 2002 concentrating on contingency relief, helping disadvantaged children via sport and practice of medicine initiatives and specific projects across Vodafones 23 local Foundations worldwide. Philanthropy Details The Vodafone Group Foundation has donated ? 10m to the United Nations Foundation over louvre years, part of which has been made available to the measles Initiative for Immunization programs. As a second phase of their support of these activities, VGF and the UN Foundation have now begun work with WHO on a new program to use technology to improve disease surveillance, a critical aspect of fighting not only measles but many other diseases. The Vodafone Group Foundation partnership is the largest financial commitment made by any corporation to the UN Foundation. Philanthropy in IndiaVodafone Group Plc has established the Vodaf one India Foundation, with an initial commitment of $10 million. This step signifies a further landmark in the development of Vodafones presence in India and confirms the Groups commitment to invest socially in the communities where it operates. This activity will be supported by The Vodafone Group Foundation which has developed a unique network of 23 Foundations around the world during the last quint years. Compliance with GRI guidelines Vodafone has benchmarked its CR reporting against the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) sustainability reporting guidelines. The company assess its industry of the GRI reporting framework to be at level B+. Independent authorization report to VodafoneKPMG LLP was engaged by Vodafone Group Services Limited to provide assurance over selected aspects of the Vodafone Group plc 2008/09 Corporate Responsibility Report. Conclusion CSR activities are followed worgwide but their ways of approach are different depending upon company and their nature of bu siness. CSR projects are frequently carried out as a cooperative effort involving external partners can enhance the achiever and value of the project, and projects can benefit from the experience of local organizations or stakeholders. Companies are confront with the challenge of expanding their reporting to include the social and ecological effects of their business activities. This involves, in particular, maintaining international standards and norms with respect to CSR topics.More and more, however, even socially pertinent CSR projects and their effects are being carefully scrutinized. It is no protracted enough simply to assert that a project is doing something positive for society The goal is to develop a CSR strategy that addresses the most urgent social needs on the local agenda, while avoiding risks and identifying new opportunities to achieve corporate objectives. In a country with widespread poverty, for example, adapting a companys products to the resources of low-inc ome consumers can serve a social purpose and at the same time help the company gain access to new customer groups. Providing basic and further training ensures a well clever labor force and alleviates a dearth of qualified workers.Well planned CSR activities can have the immediate effect of helping a companys business run more smoothly while also ensuring the long-term availability of the workers and resources that are necessary for corporate success. Rather than following fleeting trends or giving in to pressure from NGOs, companies need to integrate sustainable CSR activities into their everyday routine so that they step by step become second nature. Another choice is to outsource CSR projects or transfer them to partners with greater expertise and experience in the relevant area. Particularly when projects are too far removed from a companys meaning business, it is wise to assign responsibility for them to competent entities or independent structures. CSR projects can only sur vive if they are unified into a companys core business over the long term.It is not simply a matter of developing a positive reputation, but also of shaping sustainable business processes. It is therefore important to review the effectiveness of projects on a regular basis. Accordingly, (CSR) management is responsible for introducing CSR projects that have been successfully launched to the relevant departments and making them part of the companys core business as independent products and processes. In purchasing, certain social guidelines should be the norm, and environmental standards should be the norm in the area of development. References www. csridentity. com www. csrwire. com www. unilever. com www. citygroupinc. com www. hsbc. com www. pg-india. com www. vodafone. co Sustainibility report of all five companies
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