El Niño, A Non-technical Description :: essays research papers

El Nio, A Non-technical DescriptionAn El Nio is a impermanent change in the climate of the Pacific ocean, in the region around the equator. You can see its personal effects in both the ocean and atmosphere, generally in Northern Hemisphere winter. Typically, the ocean surface warms up by a few degrees celsius. At the same time, the place where hefty thunderstorms occur on the equator moves eastward. Although those might seem like small differences, it nevertheless can have big effects on the worlds climate.oWhat causes it? oWhat makes it s enlighten growing? oWhat effects does it have? oHow long does it last? oHow often do we get them? oHow well can we predict El Nio? oA more technical explanation What causes it?Usually, the wind blows strongly from east to west along the equator in the Pacific. This actually piles up pissing (about half a meters worth) in the western part of the Pacific. In the eastern part, deeper water (which is colder than the sun-warmed surface water) gets pu lled up from below to replace the water pushed west. So, the normal stead is warm water (about 30 C) in the west, cold (about 22 C) in the east.In an El Nio, the winds pushing that water around get weaker. As a result, some of the warm water piled up in the west slumps back down to the east, and not as much cold water gets pulled up from below. Both these tend to make the water in the eastern Pacific warmer, which is one of the hallmarks of an El Nio.But it doesnt stop there. The warmer ocean then(prenominal) affects the winds--it makes the winds weaker So if the winds get weaker, then the ocean gets warmer, which makes the winds get weaker, which makes the ocean get warmer ... this is called a positive feedback, and is what makes an El Nio grow.Back to top So what makes it stop growing?The ocean is full of waves, but you might not know how many kinds of waves there are. Theres one called a Rossby wave that is preferably unlike the waves you see when you visit the beach. Its more like a distant cousin to a tidal wave. The difference is that a tidal wave goes rattling quickly, with all the water pitiable pretty much in the same direction. In a Rossby wave, the upper part of the ocean, say the top 100 meters or so, will be lesirely sliding one way, while the lower part, starting at 100 meters and going on down, will be slowly moving the other way.

The Variety of Characters in Shakespeares Othello :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Variety of Characters in Othello William Shakespeare has many meanss of illustrating his natures through way of dialogue and linguistic process patterns. This is his trademark and it is his ultimate strategy for drawing his reader closer, until they are completely immersed in his play. In Othello we see that a character like Iago has been given a very rough and coldhearted aura about him, which in time shows us as readers how cruel he really is. On the contrary Othello himself is quite an noble in his speech, but overall just as clever. These characters are clever in their own separate ways Othello in living a double life of both war and love (which seems to keep him tied to the battlefield, a danger zone) and Iago is clever in his ways of manipulating an entire lot of good deal to get what he wants. Any excerpt from the play Othello shows how clever Shakespeare is in his own ways, writing traits that cannot be ignored. A good example of witty Shakespearian playwriting is in the opening Act of Othello- Act I, Scene i., pg. 78-92. The use of language in this Scene is so classic- for example the way Iago and Roderigo play off of to each one other in speech. Their goal in the middle of the night is to wake Brabantio (Desdemonas father) and regularize him of the extravagant affair between Othello and her daughter. In the streets of Venice these men holler their way up to his chambers, arising him to the balcony. Shakespeares choice of speech is so affective, and so perfect. Roderigo Signor (a question of his authority), is all your Family within? Iago Are your Doors locked? (Instigating panic) Roderigo/IagoI.i.87-89 Shakespeares choice of words here is beautiful in its shrewdness, and in so many ways affective. Iago in particular seems to push the situation, and operate the conversation as he always does. He goes on to tell Brabantio his state of confusion and in many ways hypnotize the poor man. Your heart is burst, you have lost half your soulan old black tug is tupping your white Ewe. IagoI.i.89-91 Shakespeare gives Iagos character such filth, such a stench in the air about him that you can smell it while reading. Here is a character in Othello that is hard to understand, and there have been many views taken on his role.

The Years of Living Nakedly :: Personal Narrative Papers

The Years of Living NakedlyIts a big wickedness for my parents. The friends have come over. The popcorn is popped and buttered and salted. Lively conversation coasts from the living room and into the kitchen where Im planning my floor show. Why do old people lay almost and gab and play Monopoly when they could simply sit back and let me amuse them? Who cares ab erupt who owns Marvin Gardens or who gets to be the Scotty Dog? Its Friday night, and all my parents can think to do is invite their friends over to play out their real estate fantasies in a languid waltz of little green plastic houses. Perhaps Im fairish jealous because the Monopoly box is always cruelly out of my reach on the top shelf when I want to play -- as if I dont retire enough not to swallow a game piece. At some(prenominal) rate, its time for variety. I strip down buck, saddle my wooden, wheeled, bright yellow play group giraffe and scoot into the living room. Adult heads turn and eyes squint as cheeks divide i nto smiles. I bear down hard as my wheels short meet the green shag rug and strain to plow on through. This is the moment Ive been training for. If I dont make at least one stark(a) circuit around the coffee table the whole venture will have been wasted. However, before my round is even half way finished, its obvious that Ive reached my goal. I am the center of attention. Who needs board games and popcorn when youve got a naked kid and his wooden giraffe? My victory is short-lived, though. Amid chuckles and sniggers, Mom quickly scoops me up and daddy impounds my ride, but the damage has been done. After my little cabaret, Monopoly will pale in comparison. In short order I find myself doing time behind the net walls of my play penitentiary, my senses still reeling from the heady intoxication of a job well done. Let Mom and Dad tromp back to their game. Once I bust out of the stir, no get-together in town will be safe from my naked abandon. Whatever happened to the carefree days when we were young and didnt care what other people panorama of us? When I was a little kid I wore absurdly generic clothes, shed them whenever my parents had company, scratched myself whenever I had an itch, and generally worked all manner of tomfoolery without any care as to what others would think.

The Impact Of Product Location :: Business and Management Studies:

The Impact Of Product LocationBefore we start I think it is important that I clarify what we mean byMarketing as a concept. Basically it is ab let on selling products thatcustomers want to buy, this is achieved by putting the customerfirst. Continuing customer research identifies needs and trends incustomers buying behaviour which we can cater for to attract furthercustomers. By satisfying the needs of our customers they will becomeregular customers and will potentially recommend us to their friendsand families. The way that we meet our customers needs is by gettingthe right balance of the merchandising mix by selling the right productat the right price in the right place whilst being presentedcorrectly.As we advance into the twenty first century there is a stronger focuson marketing than selling within our supermarkets. The supermarketretail sector in this country has reached maturity and as a result wecannot simply open new supermarkets to postulate with our rivals. Instead to co mpete we must build a loyalty base of existing customerswhilst attempting to attract customers from our competitors. Therehas been a noticeable shift from mass marketing to segment marketing. Our customers are individuals with individual needs. You cannotsimply sell the same product to everyone because people are differentthey require different products or at to the lowest degree different versions of thesame product.To this end the physical identity of our supermarkets is evolving asthe products within them evolve. This has led to diversity in ourdisplay methods allowing us to prioritise and promote accepted productsover other products. Simple things like having two columns of aislesrather than one has doubled the end of aisle space within the store. By their very temper of being at the end of the aisle they attract agreater amount of attention from the customer. By observing customersin our supermarkets it is clear that customer direct in certain waysand respond to certain sti muli. It is perhaps common sense that afterwalking the length of an aisle that you will check out the end of theaisle as you walk around to head back down the next aisle. It is alsocommon sense that products displayed at eye aim attract moreattention and are more easily found by our customers. This does notjust apply to adults, by placing products that appeal to children at alevel that they can see them it is clear that they are more likely toask their parents to buy these goods. It has also been identifiedthat many customers when searching for products look onwards but also

Critical Reflections on Health Behavior Change Essay -- SES Impact Upo

The health behavior that I chose to modify for the better was to gull more water each day. My endeavor for the week was to drink 70 ounces or 8.75 cups of water each day. I chose this as my health behavior change because I know how important it is to consume water, yet I have always struggled with consuming an adequate amount each day. While growing up, I drank mostly milk and different types of juices time neglecting to drink any water unless it was before, during, or right after a sporting event. Although milk and juice are not necessarily bad for me, I know they should only be consumed in moderate amounts. As I became older and found an interest in fitness and nutrition, I realized the galore(postnominal) benefits to drinking water. Some of the benefits include helping with weight loss, maintaining balance of bodily fluids, keeping your skin looking young and acne free, increasing brain activity, and most importantly keeping you hydrated. Most of the time I am dehydrated and I know this just by looking at the color of my urine. In the past, Ive noticed that when I do not drink enough water I feel fatigue and have occasional headaches. When I feel fatigued I have little energy, so I usually just lay in my bed and either watch T.V. or browse the meshwork on my laptop. However, I soon began to realize that if I keep neglecting my body such a vital factor in keeping me a live, past I will continue to always feel fatigued and waste valuable time where I could be working out, meal prepping for the week, or spotting up on my studies. Studies have shown that by not drinking enough water, a person stern not only become fat, but they can also suffer many health issues. Some of these issues include asthma and allergies, high cholesterol, bladder... ...amilies may tend to go to fast food venues more a good deal than not because of the convenient access, but also because the food is cheap. Nonetheless, every fast food venue allows free cups of water which mea ns that even people quick in a low socioeconomic area still have access to clean water. However, there access to clean water is still particular since they have to actually go to a fast food restaurant to get water instead of just being able to drink from it at home. Works CitedClean Drinking Water. UNICEF. United Nations Childrens Fund, n.d. Web. 22 May 2015.Krueger PM & VW Chang. 2008. Being Poor and Coping with Stress Health Behaviors and the Risk of Death. American daybook of Public Health 98889-896. Mercola DO, Joseph M. What Happens to Your Body Within an Hour of Drinking a Coke. Mercola.com. Mercola, 12 Jan. 2008. Web. 22 May 2015.

Stem Cell Therapy Essay

Sepulveda Bio. Anthro. Tues 6-9 Cell Replacement and Stem Cell Therapy to Treat Neurodegenerative Disease Stem cadre therapy is being used to treat neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS, commonly referred to as Lou Gehrigs disease. The disease itself, new therapies and treatments, along with a cure are currently being analyze by universities and bag cell researchers. ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which attacks the neurons in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary movement, eventually jumper lead to respiratory failure and death (Kamel et al. 2008). The current course of action for a patient with ALS is physical therapy and, if their budget allows, cell replacement therapy. However in that respect is presently no cure and the patient impart eventually have respiratory enigmas and die from the disease. Adult base of operations cells (ASCs) and blastodermic vessicle or embryotic radical cells (ESCs) are being used t o treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in cell replacement therapy, yet this only slows the degeneration of their neurons (Goldman, Windrem, 2006).Research for both adult home cell and blastocyst stop cell technologies are the only practical option in saluteing a cure or more than efficient treatment for ALS. Both of these technologies require stem cells, but are challenging to safely retrieve and utilize by the current treatment methods, which is why it is meaty to continue to support and fund this research. Cell replacement therapy is currently the only stem cell treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS, but researchers are nerve-racking to find new ways of treating and possibly curing ALS.Cell augmentation using stem cells could be the future of treatment for ALS but scientists are currently workings to increase availability of the needed ESCs and ASCs to treat patients using cell replacement therapy. There are three different ways to harvest the necessary stem cells for neuron replacement growing ESCs in vitro, glean stem cells from the brain or spinal cord of a live donor through biopsy, and harvesting from the brain or spinal cord of a donor post mortem (Sohur et. al. , 2006). The goal of treatment of ALS is to slow and eventually stop cell injury progressing to the point of functional impairment.To accomplish this goal, protecting the remaining neurons as well as replacing and augmenting damaged neurons is important. The ultimate goal, to cure ALS, is to fully restore trustworthy neuronal circuitry or full systems reconstruction (Ormerod et. al. 2008). Full systems reconstruction would consist of recreating a map of precisely patterned neurons of the correct type using the stem cells to send projections to the appropriate field within the brain. The cure seems virtually impossible with the technology currently available, but recreating neurogenesis may be possible in the future.Adult stem cell harvesting is difficult and costly whe n retrieving the stem cells needed to treat neurodegenerative diseases from brain matter or spinal fluid. Neurons are very specific cells in the brain and spinal cord and possess a special set of neurotransmitters depending on their function this poses problems when harvesting ASCs (Zhang et. al. , 2006). The ASCs needed to treat ALS must be able to specialize and replace degenerating neurons affected by the disease. This procedure would not be possible without using stem cells to replace the damaged and degenerating neurons.However a problem associated with ASCs is rejection of foreign cells when transplanting ASCs taken through biopsy from a donor. Although biopsy from the patient receiving treatment is an option, the ASCs required come from the brain or spinal cord and set up be very dangerous to harvest this way. Adult neural stem cells can be harvested from brain tissue, either from a deceased donor or through biopsy, and then grown in a culture (Ormerod et. al. , 2008). ASCs will not expand nearly as much as ESCs in culture and will differentiate into a limited number of neuron types.When using ESCs, which conform to the necessary specialized type of neurons, the lack of flexibility encountered in the ASCs is eliminated. Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs), however difficult to harvest initially, will multiply greatly when grown in culture. The ESCs are generated by in vitro fertilization and grown into the blastocyst stage before harvesting. The advantages of ESCs are boundless the results of the therapy would not be obtainable without use of the stem cells to replace the damaged cells.The ease and frequency with which ESCs can be expanded in culture is a significant advantage over ASCs. Growing such high numbers of stem cells in this fashion can prove problematic though, while the cells reproduce indefinitely they become more susceptible to mutation and may cause tumors following transplant (Ormerod et. al. , 2008). Thus, a repugn rises to differentiat e the cells fully before transplant or to grow many more cultures from different donor eggs, which are difficult and expensive to receive.ESCs are more easily specialized into neurons, oligodendrocytes, and glia needed to treat ALS than ASCs but the possibility of tumors forming in the patient along with the cost and complication of creating new manacles of blastocysts from donor eggs pose a disadvantage of using this technology (Ormerod et. al. , 2008). Taking into consideration ESC technologys advantages and disadvantages, it is equally as viable an approach to a cure for ALS as ASC technology. ALS is an extremely destructive disease which unfortunately plagues a large population.ALS is difficult to treat because it is a neurodegenerative disease and requires brain surgery and neuron replacement. Both adult stem cell and embryonic stem cell therapies have potential to increase the quality of life history for patients with ALS but they both have their own individual inherent risk that must be taken into account by the patient and doctors when choosing a stem cell therapy method. Donors are few and far between and the necessary cells are very specific for this particular procedure.Through an increase in research and instruction of new ways to multiply and store stem cells, along with an increase in donors, the road toward a cure will be a unmindful one. Hopefully in the future the treatment will become easier, less costly, and less dangerous for the patient. Works Cited Larsen CS. 2010. Essentials of Physical Anthropology Discovering Our Origins. New York and London W. W. Norton & Company Ormerod, B. K. , Palmer, T. D. , & Maeve, A. C. (2008). Neurodegeneration and cell replacement. Philosophical Transactions Biological , 363(1489), 153-170.Retrieved from http//www. jstor. org/ stalls/20210044 Sohur, U. S. , Emsley, J. G. , Mitchell, B. D. , & Macklis, J. D. (2006). Adult neurogenesis and cellular brain repair with neural progenitors, precursors and stem c ells. Philosophical Transactions Biological Sciences, 361(1473), 1477-1497. Retrieved from http//www. jstor. org/stable/20209745 Kamel,, F. , Umbach, D. M. , Stallone, L. , Richards, M. , Hu, H. , & Sandler, D. P. (2008). connector of lead exposure with survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Evironmental Health Perspectives, 116(7), 943-947. Retrieved from http//www. jstor. org/stable/25071103 Goldman, S. A. , & Windrem, M. S. (2006). Cell replacement therapy in neurological disease. Philosophical Transactions Biological Sciences, 361(1473), 1463-1475. Retrieved from http//www. jstor. org/stable/20209744 Zhang, S. , Li, X. , Johnson, A. , & Pankratz, M. T. (2006). Human embryonic stem cells for brain repair?. Philosophical Transactions Biological Sciences, 363(1489), 87-99. Retrieved from http//www. jstor. org/stable/20210040

Project Report on Kmf, Dharwad by Samarth

2. constancy write 2. 1 INTRODUCTION DAIRY INDUSTRY IN INDIA d pass aroundy off-key the beaten track(predicate)m farm enterprise is an fundamental occupation of farmer. In India nearly 70% of the people depend on agriculture. It is the backbone of India. dairy farm is linked with agriculture industry to a large extent. puppet husbandry in India is an essential part of agriculture. It is mainly a hoidenish occupation closely associated with agriculture. 2. 1. 1 DEVELOPMENT OF DAIRY INDUSTRY IN INDIA During the Pre-independence twelvemonth at that place was no serious stress given to dairy farm industry.In 1886 the Department of Defense of the British governing body established the dairy farms for the supply of draw to the British troops in Allahabad. Later, in 1920 serious steps were taken by Mr. William Smith, an expert in dairy forming to improve the draw intersection There was discrepancy done to the Indians hence this led to the rise of the first take out legal jointure in India. In Lucknow in 1937 c only(a)ed the Lucknow draw buzz offrs Co-operative coupling Ltd. In 1946 AMUL (Anand draw Udyog Ltd) was started in Gujarat to bring up the economic stability of colonizationrs.When the farmer Prime Minister Lal Bahaddur Shastri visited the functioning as it was rendering a social religious utility to the society, which helped the villagers to come in the national economic stream. The dairy and Animal Husbandry received serious attention after the independence. There were lots many of modernised steps taken by the government by five year plans. This led to the formation of National dairy Development Board in 1965 & hence in 1970 he decided to Bring a White Revolution by means ofout the ground, Initially 10 states were selected were for this purpose excluding Karnataka.In Karnataka in 1974 an integ browsed project was launched to structure and reorganize the dairy industry on Co-operative principle of AMUL and to lay al-Qaeda for new direction in dairy industry. INDIAN DAIRY INDUSTRY PROFILE Indias high-value, high-volume market for customs dutyal dairy harvest-tides and delicacies is all set to boom moreover under(a) the technology of mass wargon. This market is the largest in value after liquefiable draw and is estimated at US $3 billion in India. More and more dairy kit and caboodles in the public, cooperative and private sectors in India atomic number 18 going away in for the manufacture of traditional draw produces.This trend go away undoubtedly give a pull ahead stimulus to the milk consumption in the country and ensure a better price to primary milk producers. Simultaneously, it will as well help to productively utilize Indias growing milk surplus. draw fruit in India increased from 17 million tons in 1950-51 to 89. 6 million tons in two hundred7-08. India has rapidly directed itself as the worlds largest producer of milk. Producing milk in rural studys done smallholder produc er cooperatives and moving industrially-processed milk from these smallholder quotations to urban demand nerve centers became the cornerstone of government dairy increment policy.This policy initiative gave a hitch up to dairy development and initiated the process of establishing the much-needed linkages between rural producers and urban consumers. The performance of the Indian dairy sector during the past three decades has been truly impressive. draw yield grew at an come annual rate of 4. 6 percent during the 1970s, 5. 7 percent during the eighties, and 4. 2 percent during the 1990s. Despite its being the largest milk producer in the world, Indias per capita availability of milk is one of the lowest in the world, although it is high by developing country standards.The per working capital availability of milk expanded substantially during the 1980s and 1990s and reached astir(predicate) 226 grams per twenty-four hours in cc3-04 the per capita consumption of milk and milk p roducts in India is among the highest in Asia, but it is still growing. It is still to a lower place the world average of 285 grams per day, and a identical the token(prenominal) nutritional requirement of 280 grams per day as recommended by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Several factors have contributed to increased milk end product. First, milk and dairy products have cultural significance in the Indian diet.A large portion of the population is lacto-vegetarian, so milk and dairy products are an important source of protein in the diet. The demand for milk and dairy products is income-responsive, and gain in per capita income is expected to increase demand for milk and milk products. Despite the fact that dairy return in India is widespread throughout the country and overwhelmingly carried out by small-scale producers, there are still large inter contributional and interstate variations in milk production.Roughly two- ordinals of national milk production com es from the states of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and Haryana. However, there have been some shifts in milk production shares of different states. In 2001-02, Uttar Pradesh was the largest milk producer in the country, with more or less 16. 5 million tons of milk, followed by Punjab (8. 4 million tons), Rajasthan (6. 3 million tons), Madhya Pradesh (6. 1 million tons), Maharashtra (6 million tons), and Gujarat (5. 6 million tons).The eastern region is lagging behind in terms of dairy development, and imports milk from surplus areas in the West and North. 2. 1. 2 INDIAN DAIRY INDUSTRY PROFILE The annual milk production is putly 92 million tones, contributing around Rs. 1000 billion to the GDP. Provides assured and remunerative employment round-the-year to 60 million families. The dairy animals make a substantial contribution to household food security by providing income, attribute food, sinew, fertilizer and assets in o ver mass of the rural households in India.The Animal Husbandry is the single largest contributor under the agriculture sector which take into accounts a remunerative employment round the year at a actually small investment. The dairy animals make a substantial contribution to household food security by providing income, gauge food, energy, fertilizer and assets in over majority of the rural households in India. These livestock hold upers are constrained by poor animal health and veterinary services, lack of feed and fodder, wet, milk use, chilling, etc. Besides, there has been lack of infrastructure facilities such as good roads and access to markets, etc.The livestock keepers also lack access to mature technologies as well as proper institutional support system. The result is that both the production and productivity remain well below its potentials. Thus the losses and wastages continue to remain high. fitted breeds and local feed resources although available, but need proven technology supports in its preservation and bear on. Such support would substantially improve production and productivity, which would result in higher income for the livestock keepers.One of the problems faced by India is unemployment, despite the rapid growth rate. The problem is more acute in rural ameliorate and marginally educated youths, who have no alternative but to migrate to urban areas. Due to automation in various core sectors, the employment opportunities have dwindled considerably whereas the service sector has its own limitations, especially the high investment cost per job created. In this context, the dairy industry offers a plausible opportunity of creation of self-employment with minimum investment.There is a scope for doubling the present milk production, which can be attaind with marginal investment, such a step would not only enhance milk production and productivity, but also would create millions of additional jobs. Dairying is, in fact, a supplement ary activity of the marginal farmers and the landless laborers. It is therefore suggested that dairy and such former(a) animal farming be included within the legal framework of agriculture and agriculture products. This would enable the marginal farmers and the landless agriculture laborers to realise from the various government incentives.milk is no more a luxury, but essential nutritional requirements of human being. The children largely depend on milk for nutrition. Higher milk production therefore will also increase the health status of the farmers and people at large. Due to several inherent reasons, the cost of milk production is high. One of the important reasons is low animal productivity. Because of high cost, the milk and milk products are not affordable to poor strata of the society. milk is a perishable commodity. Hence, its changeover to products, such as, milk powder, butter and cheese, etc. s necessary. Considering these factors, it is reasonable that at par with ag riculture produce, the milk products be also exempted from any excise duty, gross sales tax and such another(prenominal) taxes. This gesture of the government would go a long way in accelerating the growth of the Indian dairy industry from present annual rate of around 4. 5 % to more than 9%. The conversion of redundancy milk to milk-products is a necessity. The basic principle here is evaporation of water which changes its physical form only, whereas there is no change whatsoever in its chemical composition.One of the reasons of higher cost of milk and milk products is the cost of packaging. To safeguard the livelong step and safety for human consumption, packaging of milk and milk product is necessary. The milk product manufacturing therefore should be construed as processing milk for preservation and it should be exempted from all the taxes and duties like excise, central sales tax and octroi etc. To enhance milk production during the next five years as well as to address th e issues referred in the foregoing sentences, there is an imperative need of policy support from the government on the following core areas ?Clean and quality milk production, processing and packaging ? Boost the exports of milk and milk products ? Enhance milk production and mulch animal productivity 2. 1. 3 Indian Dairy The organize sector is expanding rapidly. Indias modern dairy sector has expanded rapidly. From an insignificant 200,000 liters per day (lpd) of milk being processed in 1951, the organized sector is this instant handling some 20 million lpd in over 400 dairy installs. Already, one of the worlds largest liquid milk plants is located in Delhi and handling over 800,000 liters of milk per day (Mother Dairy, Delhi).Indias first automated dairy Mother Dairy has been established at Gandhi agar near Ahmadabad, Gujarat, in western sandwich India and its capacity is capacity is 1 million lpd. It is owned by Indias biggest dairy cooperative group, in Anand, with an annual turnover in excess of Rs 23 billion (US $500 million). Amul-III with its satellite dairies, with total installed capacity of 1. 5 million lpd has also been comdelegationed. Indias first vertical dairy (capacity 400,000 lpd), owned by the Pradeshik Cooperative Dairy Federation (PCDF) has been commissioned at Noida, outside DelhiDairy is a place where handling of milk and milk products is done and technology refers to the application of scientific knowledge for operable purposes. In India, dairying has been practiced as a rural cottage industry since the remote past. Semi-commercial dairying started with the establishment of military dairy farms and co-operative milk unions throughout the country towards the end of the nineteenth century. The Indian Dairy Industry has do rapid progress since Independence. A large number of modern milk plants and product factories have since been established.These organized dairies have been successfully engaged in the routine commercial production of pasteurized bottled milk and various Western and Indian dairy products. With modern knowledge of the protection of milk during transportation, it became possible to locate dairies where land was less expensive and crops could be grown more economically. 2. 2 DAIRY INDUSTRY PROFILE Human population 953 million (70 million dairy farmers) take out production 74. 3 million tonnes (203. 5 million lpd) Average annual growth rate (1995-2000) 5. 6% Per capita milk availability 214 g/day or 78 kg/year draw animals 57 million cows 39 million buffaloes milk yield per breed able bovine in-milk 1,250 kg Cattle feed production (organized sector) 1. 5 million tonnes Turnover of veterinary pharmaceuticals Rs. 550 crores Dairy plants throughput 20 mlpd Specific features of dairy in relation to merchandise in developing countries The dairy industry in the developing countries has a number of particular proposition features which distinguish it from the other sectors of agriculture and h ave particular implications for merchandise.First, milk consists of over 85% water, and produced daily. Consequently, high costs of transportation are incurred per unit of output marketed. Also, milk being highly perishable, it needs to be used within a short period or processed and transformed into a more s put back, longer-storable form. The quality of milk depends on farm management practices, and milk is potentially subject to adulteration, so strict and comprehensive quality regulations whitethorn be necessary when marketing involves more than direct delivery by producers to consumers.Second, the vast majority of the dairy farmers are small-scale producers, who produce milk as a source of secureness cash income. Dairy production is a labor-intensive enterprise, and dairy marketing activities often provide substantial employment. However, because of asset fixity (high percentage of fixed costs), dairy enterprises often respond to market changes and incentives in a limited and gradual way. Third, milk can be used to make a wide set up of high quality palatable and nutritious products, which often imply substantial value added over the cost of the raw material.When production and consumption points are far apart and demand increase rapidly, processing of dairy products becomes very important. Fourth, as a consequence of the above features of milk and the market vulnerability of its producers, cooperatives may sweep up a strong position in milk processing. A survey by the International Dairy Federation in 1984 revealed that in 21 highly-developed countries together accounting for 55% of the worlds milk supply, producer cooperatives marketed 86% of total sales of milk from farm to the first handler.In some of these countries, cooperatives also handled 80-90% of the total processing activity. It may be noted that the history of development of dairy cooperatives in these countries are not always similar. However, in most developing countries, dairy producer cooperatives and cooperative processing are either non-existent or very weak. The need for cooperatives in these countries is driven by the need to capture some economies of scale in transportation and processing where numerous small producers are scattered far away from the consumption centers.In many countries, this gap has been filled by establishment of parasitical dairy enterprises for collection and processing of milk to promote domestic dairy. In most cases, these enterprises ended up processing subsidized trade dairy products, neglecting the rural dairy sector. The monopolistic character of these enterprises often led to inefficiency thus they failed to serve the interests of domestic producers and consumers. Weaknesses in physical and marketing links between rural producers and urban processors and consumers are among the major constraints to dairy development in the developing countries.It is important to be aware of and understand how such constraints can be addressed i n say to devise mechanisms that can transference growing urban demand into increased livestock production. Inadequate infrastructure and inefficient marketing may mavin to increased transactions costs and/or market failure. By better understanding these costs and identifying the ways of reducing their impact, policy prescriptions can be made to promote economic development by fostering production and trade. 2. 3 NATIONAL DARIY DEVELOPMENT BOARD 2. 3. 1 HistoryThe NDDB was founded to replace exploitation with empowerment, tradition with Modernity, Stagnation with growth, transforming dairy into and instrument for the development of Indians rural people. The NDDB was established in 1965 the board is registered under the Societies Registration Act and the public rely Act, fulfilling the desire of the Prime Minister of India the late Lal Bahaddur Shastri to extend the success of the Kaira Co-operative Milk producers union (AMUL) TO OTHER PARTS OF India. Dr Vergese Kurien was the fo under chairman.The success combined the wisdom & energy of farmers with professional management to successful capture liquid milk and milk product markets while supporting farmers investment with excitants and services. In 1969, when the Government of India approved the Operation Flood programme and its financing through the monetization of World Food Programme-gifted commodities, it was found that the statutes under which NDDB was registered did not provide for handling of government funds. Therefore, in 1970 the government established a public-sector company, the Indian Dairy Corporation.The IDC was given responsibility for receiving the projects donated commodities testing their quality their storage and transfer to user dairies and receiving the dairy payments. Thus it served as finance-cum-promotion entity while the entire Operation Flood technical support was provided by NDDB. To avoid any duplication in their activities or overlap of functions, the IDC and NDDB were eventual ly merged into a newly constituted NDDB by an Act of Parliament passed in October 1987. 2. 3. 2 The Growth NDDB began its operations with the mission of making dairying a vehicle to a better future for millions of gross roots milk producers.The mission archived helped to launce Operation Flood, a programmed extending over 26 years and with the help of World Bank Loan India become the worlds largest milk producing country. As per March 2001 Indias 96000 Dairy Co-operative are integrated thorough a three Tier Co-operative structure. The Anand pattern, which is owned by more than 10 million formers, procures an average of 1605 million liters of milk all(prenominal) day. The milk is processed and marketed by 170 milk producers co-operative unions which, in turn own 15 state co-operative milk marketing federation.Since its establishment the dairy development board has planned and spearheaded Indias Dairy programmer by placing dairy development in the hands of milk producers and the prof essionals they employ to manage their co-operatives. In addition, NDDB also promotes other commodity based co-operative, allied industries and veterinary biologically on an intensive and nationwide basis. 2. 3. 3 Objectives of NDDB ? To sponsor, promote, manage, acquire, construct or control any plant or work, which promote projects of general public utility relation to dairying. To make information available on request to technical services to increase production of Milk. ? To prepare initial feasibility studies of dairying and other dairy related projects and undertake subsequent designing planning and start up those projects. ? To undertake inquiry and development programmed related to production and marketing of milk and milk products. ? To provide assistance for exchange of information to other international agencies. 2. 3. 4 Services rendered by NDDB Planning dairy and rural development projects. Organization of farmer co-operative societies. Setting up of dairy and cattle feed plants. Manpower planning and knowledge. Applied seek and development. Implementation of milk production enchantment programmed. 2. 3. 5 Objectives of the study The objectives of the study were 1. To study the overall functioning of the organization with help of organization structure. 2. To know about the milk procurement and processing. 3. To study about the area of operation and channels of distribution system. 4. To study their marketing Plans and sales promotional activities. 3 COMPANY PROFILECOMPANY shape Dharwad Co-operative Milk Producers mating Ltd. Lakkammanahalli, Industrial Area. P. B Road Dharwad-580004 NATURE OF BUSINESS Mfg / Service / Semi-agro based Co-operative Unit. TYPE OF OWNERSHIP Co-Operative Unit. TEL-NO 0836-2467643, 2461876, 2468380. RAW MATERIAL Milk 85,000 LPD wet 5 to 6 lack liters/day Coal 4 to 5 tones. CAPACITY OF PLANT 2, 00,000 Liters / solar day 12 Tones milk powder, 10 T cover, 6 T Ghee. FINISHEDPRODUCTS Milk, Butter, Ghee, Gur tz, Peda, Milk powder, Ice creams, Curd, Lassi, Khova. TOTAL INVEST 7 Crores TOTAL SOCIETIES AT VILLAGE LEVEL 460 Societies 3. 1 BOARD OF DIRECTORS 1. Shri B N Arabgond. Chairman 2. Dr M N Venkatramu. Managing Director 3. Shri N S Asuti. Director. 4. Shri G M Morbad. Director. 5. Shri A M Desai. Director. 6. Shri S M Hadagali. Director. 7. Shri R N Davagi. Director. 8. Shri U M Hegade. Director. 9. Shri G G Hegade. Director. 10. Govt Dept Officers. 5 particles. 11. Govt Nominated. 3 Members. KARNATAKA MILK FEDERATION (KMF) pic 3. KARNATAKA MILK FEDERATION The first dairy in Karnataka was started in Kudige in Kodagu district in 1955, further in June 1974 an integrated project was launched in Karnataka to restructure and reorganize the dairy industry on the co-operative principle and to lay foundation for a new direction in dairy development. In 1975, the World Bank aided dairy development was initiated. The present Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF) came into human beings in 1984-as a result of merging of Karnataka Dairy Development Co-operation, small co-operatives and Karnataka Milk Production Development and loose vendors.At the end of the March 1998, the network of 8023 daybook Co-operative Societies (DCS) have been established which are spread over 166 taluks of the total 175 taluks in all 28 districts of Karnataka. There are 13 Milk jointures and Dharwad Milk sexual union (DMU) is one among them. There are 35 Chilling centers, 3 Farm coolers, 15 Liquid milk plants and 2 Product dairies for chilling, processing, conservation and marketing of milk. To supply cattle feed there are 4 cattle feed plants. To ensure supply of quality germ plasma Bull teaching farm and frozen semen bank are also available. 3. 2. 1 Karnataka co-operative Milk Producers Federation Limited (KMF)KMF is the apex Body in Karnataka representing Dairy Cooperatives. It is the third largest dairy co-operative amongst the dairy co-operatives in the country. To impart training, institute s at Bangalore and regional training institutes at Dharwad and Gulbarga are functioning. Three nitrogen plants (2 plants of 25 CPM and 1 plant of 5 CPM) are been set-up to supply nitrogen, which is used for Refrigeration purpose. Three diagnostic centers have been set-up for monitoring diseases three fodder farms at Rajkunte, Kuttanahalli and Kodagu have been set-up to supply good quality of fodder and seed production farm at Shahapur has been set-up.The federation giving details of the latest technology in dairy industry etc is published Ksheer Sagar pickup monthly. 3. 2. 3 UNITS OF KMF KMF has the following Units functioning directly under its control ? Mother Dairy, Yelahanka, Bangalore. ? Nandini Milk Products, KMF Complex, Bangalore. ? Cattle Feed Plants at Rajanukunte/Gubbi/Dharwad/Hassan. ? Nandini Sperm Station (formerly known as Bull Breeding Farm & Frozen Semen Bank) at Hessaraghatta. ? Pouch Film Plant at Munnekolalu, Marathhalli. ? Central Training Institute at KMF Comp lex, Bangalore. ? persona get wind Lab at KMF Complex, Bangalore.List of Co-operative Milk Producers Societies Union pic KMF is a co-operative apex body in the state of Karnataka for representing dairy organizations and also implementing dairy development activities to achieve the following objectives. Providing assured and remunerative market for all the milk produced by the farmer members. Providing hygienic milk to urban consumers. To build village level institutions in co-operative sector to manage the dairy activities. To ensure provision of milk production inputs, processing facilities and dissemination of know-how. To facilitate rural development by providing opportunities for self-employment at village level, preventing migration to urban areas, etc. 3. 2. 4 FUNCTIONS OF KMF Co-ordination of activities between the unions. Developing the markets for the increasing in milk production. To make the brand Nandini as a house hold name. excellency in quality is to be main tained to lay a solid foundation for wide Spread acceptance of Nandini products. To increase the market share of Nandini. THE appendage PROCESS The growth over the years and activities undertaken by KMF is summarized briefly hereunder Growth of KMF Descriptions Units 1976-1977 2009-2010 Dairy Co-operatives Nos 416 11063 Membership Nos 37000 1956163 Milk Procurement Kgs/day 50000 3025940 Milk sales Lts/day 95050 2129790/curd1. 7LKPD Cattle Feed Consumed Kgs/DCS 220 3010 Daily Payment to Farmers Rs. lakhs 0. 90 342 Turnover Rs. Crores 2707. 00 Source DHARWAD MILK UNION pic Dharwad District Co-operative Milk Producers Societies Union Ltd. The Union was established in the year 1986 under the Operation Flood 2 and 3.The Union also later took over in 1988 the Milk Products manufactory with a drying capacity of 2. 10 Lakh Litres per day, earler established by the Karnataka milk Products Limited (GOK Undertaking). The Union covers the districts of Dharwad, Karwar, Haveri, and Gadag, and has chilling centres at Gadag, Haveri, Sirsi,, Ron, Nargund, Hirekerur, and Kumta with chilling capacity of 1. 20 Lakh Litres Per Day. The Union procures and sells on an average 0. 92 Lakh per Day and 0. 59 Lakh Liters Per Day respectively. There are 7 Bulk Milk Coolers in the Union.Apart from selling milk, I sells clear buffalo milk and produces very thick 250gm Curds in mud pots specially designed for this namely KUDIKE MOSARU, the famous Dharwad Peda, Butter in bulk as well as in retail packs and in 10 gm chip sets, Ghee, Skimmed Milk Powder and Paneer. Establishment The Dharwad Milk Union is Co-operative society among the 13 establishments, under KMF The Dharwad Milk Union (DMU) is one of the most modern plants in the country. It is located in the spacious 25 acres of land, located in Lakamanahalli Industrial Area adjacent to the National Highway-4. It is patterned the AMUL Milk Dairy, Gujarat.NATURE AND BUSINESS CARRIED The Nature of Dharwad Milk Union is that pro curing the Milk from societies. And that milk will be bringing through ice chesters for various chilling centers those, which are near and convenient to various societies. The Union processes the milk and market in urban area through by various agents. The Union providing service to milk producers technical inputs like veterinary services, seeds, fodder etc. and also by giving training to farmer and also induction program. The Union streng and soing of milk cooperative movement, organization of extension activities and the rural development services.The Union also owns and operates the dairy plant cattle feed plant fodder and bull mother forms, semen collection station, and herd quarter center for animal husbandry activities. The Union also takes research, development and also other promotional activities for the overall benefit of the farmer. The Union providing various product to market like toned milk, standard milk, full creamed milk, forked toned milk, homogeneous standard mi lk, along with cheese curd, ghee, peda also providing. This is the nature and business carried of the Shivamoga milk Union. 3. 3 VISIONS MISSION AND QUALITY POLICYVISION argument OF DMU ? Total quality ? Honesty ? Discipline ? Cleanliness ? Transparency ? Sincerity and dedication ? Co-operation free of politics ? Sovereignty ? Respecting each others, opinions, ideas & feelings. MISSION STATEMENT OF DMU Dharwad Milk Union is committed to provide maximum possible price for the milk supplied by its members and provide necessary inputs to enhance milk production while ensuring economic viability of the Union and is also committed to provide quality milk products to consumers and emerge as one of the top most milk union of the co-operative dairy industry in the country.At DMU we Endeavor to satisfy the taste and nutritional requirements of the nodes. Through excellence in marketing by DMU committed team, DMU are committed to offering quality products that provide best value for money. PUNCH LINE FRESH AND PURE DMU QUALITY OBJECTS AND QUALITY POLICY QUALITY OBJECTS 1) To develop the quality consciousness among all the producers or employees of the union. 2) To implement the cost reduction in each stage of collection processing and distribution. 3) Make every one aware of the every conservation in dairy. ) To maximize the customers complaints and achieve customer satisfaction. 5) To set goals or targets at all levels to achieve continuous improvement. 6) To train our workman from time to time for exposure to advanced technology for efficient operations. 7) To provide adequate infrastructure facility for improving the work environment. INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES Infrastructure facilities in DMU, they have these won chilling center and they can distribute milk with the capacity of covering the 11 routes and the capacity is 2, 00,00LPD. Other facilities like ? Security facilities Canteen facilities ? Shift Three shift per day. ? manual punching card and computer entr ies will be there DHARWAD DISTRICT CO-OPERATIVE MILK PRODUCERS SOCIETIES UNION LIMITED. Further in 1988, the Raipur Dairy and Chilling Center, setup in 1968, also came under the union. In 1989, the training center, which was controlled by KMF, came under Dharwad Milk Union. DMU was Rs. 7 crore Projects of which Government has Rs. 2Crosre of share capital and authorized capital of DMU is Rs. 5crore. DMU formed 551 milk producers co-operative societies in Dharwad, Gadag,and Haveri and Uttar Kannada districts.The production capacity of DMU is 2lack liters of milk per day and also has the capacity to produce 12tones of milk powder, 10tones of butter, and 6tones of ghee per day. DMU is collecting 85 kilobyte liters of milk per day from its societies and sells 60 thousand liters of milk per day and the remaining milk is used for producing milk products. History A group of experienced officers, appointed by the Karnataka Milk Federation surveyed the whole of Dharwad districts (includes t wo newly formed district Gadag and Haveri) and Uttar Karnataka. Further they found out there as a need for a Milk Dairy.They traveled the border villages, educated the villagers about Milk and Milk Products and the benefits they would get from the Milk Dairy. Seeing the overwhelming response and untapped resources and the huge market the Federation decided to setup the Milk Union in 1984, known as the DHARWAD DISTRICT CO-OPERATIVE MILK PRODUCERS SOCIETIES UNION LIMITED Further in 1988, the Raipur Dairy and Chilling Center, setup in 1968, also came under the union. In 1989, the training center, which was controlled by KMF, came under Dharwad Milk Union. Functions of DMUThe main function of DMU is to procure milk from villagers and pay them the right price. To educate the villagers about milk and its quality. To make Nandini as a part of daily life. To provide good quality of cattle feed, fodder, veterinary aid seeds, etc. , to the villagers. To see that the DCSs are carrying out their activities properly and in an efficient manner. To see that the milk is brought from DCSs to the chilling centers in the prescribed time. To look the accounts of the DCSs supervise the purchase process and market the milk and milk products. Objectives of DMU Providing hygienic and good quality of milk to the consumers. To build the economic strength of the milk producers in villagers. To eliminate middlemens in the business so that the milk producers receive their appropriate share of bread. To educate the villagers about the adulteration of milk and its harmful effect on the body. To see that every citizen becomes healthy by go through good quality of milk. To make villagers self-viable and build self image. GOALS OF THE DMU Generating employment opportunity for rural mass Procurements of good milk Supplying quality milk to the customer in the city for appropriate priceProcess at DMU The milk collected at DCSs is brought to the center through carriers, trucks etc. The quality and quantity of milk bought is checked at the Reception center by a supervisor. A sample of milk is taken and is tested in a laboratory for fat content, Solid not Fat (SNF) sourness etc. As the milk is at direction temperature it is to be brought down to 4C to 5 degree C. So that it may check the growth of bacteria. To ensure this milk is passed through a chilling chamber where the milk is chilled. Its temperature is bought down and then the milk is stored in a tank called as Ram Milk Tank.From this tank the milk is pumped to a pasteurizing cell where the milk is heated up to 72C and 15 seconds, so that all the bacteria and microorganisms may be killed and then the milk is simultaneously cooled to 4C to 5 degree C and is stored in a Pasteurized Milk Tank . PRODUCT PROFILE Milk Products 1. Nandini Toned milk Nandini Toned Fresh and Pure milk containing 3. 0% fat and 8. 5% SNF. Available in 500ml and 1litre packs. 2. Nandini Homogenized toned milk Nandini Homogenized Mil k is pure milk which is homogenized and pasteurized. Consistent right through, it gives you more cups of tea or coffee and is easily digestible. . Full cream milk Full Cream milk. Containing 6% Fat and 9 % SNF. A rich, creamier and tastier milk, Ideal for preparing home-made sweets & savories . 4. Good life daunts pure milk, UHT processed bacteria free in a tamper-proof tetra-fino pack which keeps this milk fresh for 60 days without refrigeration until opened. Available in 500ml Fino and in 200ml Bricks. 4. Nandini Ghee A taste of purity. Nandini Ghee made from pure butter. It is fresh and pure with a delicious flavor. Hygienically manufactured and packed in a special pack to bind the goodness of pure ghee.Shelf life of 6 months at ambient temperatures. Available in 200ml, 500ml, 1000ml sachets, 5lts tins and 15. 0 kg tins 5. Nandini Curd Nandini Curd made from pure milk. Its thick and delicious. Giving you all the goodness of homemade curds. Available in 200gms and 500gms sachet . 6. Nandini Peda No matter what you are celebrating Made from pure milk, Nandini Peda is a delicious treat for the family. Store at room temperature approximately 7 days Available in 250gms pack containing 10 pieces each. 10. Butter Rich, strike and delicious. Nandini Butter is made out of fresh pasteurized cream.Rich taste, smooth texture and the rich purity of cows milk makes any preparation a delicious treat. Available in 100gms (salted), 200gms and 500gms cartons both salted and unsalted. Product Processing Milk may be defined as the whole, fresh, clean, lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy milk animals, excluding that obtained within 15 days before or 5 days after calving or such periods as may be necessary to render the milk practically colostrums-free and containing the minimum prescribed percentages of milk fat and milk-solids-not-fat.In India, the term milk, when unqualified, refers to cow or buffalo milk, or a combination of the two. pic PRODUCT PROCESSING pic offset DHARWAD MILK UNION Status A co-operative society registered under the Co-operative act 1959 Nature of Business Procuring and Marketing of Milk Production and deal of Milk Products fortune Capital 5 corers Approx. Plant Capacity 2 Lakhs Liters / day Milk Powder 12 MT /Day Butter 10 MT / Day Ghee 6 MT / Day Milk Chilling Centers and Capacity Gagad 20000 LPD Haveri 20000 LPD Hirekerur 20000 LPD Naragund 8000 LPD Ron 10000 LPD Sirsi 20000 LPD Karwar backpacking unit The milk in bulk is sent for packing and distribution at Karwar Which supplies and need of Karwar, Gokama, Honnavar, Bhatkal, Murdeshwar and Goa Present Value of Activity Collection of Milk 85000 LPD Sale of Milk 70000 LPD Area of Operation Dharwad, Haveri, Gadag, Uttar Karnataka, Goa Parts of Maharashtra Board of Directors Elected Member 8 Ex-Officers 5 By Govt. 3 Total Workers 383 Workers Location Lakamanahalli Industrial Area, Dharwad Department 8 Brand Name Nandini Products Milk Toned Milk, Standard Milk, Shubham Milk Milk Products Butter, Ghee, Peda, Curd, Lassi, Paneer, Milk Powder Co-operative Societies at Village Level 460 Societies 3. 4 LAYOUT OF COMPANY This is the plant existence in industrial area lakkamanahalli in PB Road. pic STRATEGIES OF DMU The Dharwad Milk Union has the following set of strategies, which will be formulated every year. The present year has the following strategies. The strategies are formulated with the help of KMF and NDDB and the union members.Below are the strategies set for this year. STRATEGIES OF PROCUREMENT AND INPUT DEPARTMENT To establish 10 new unions in this year. Aims at procuring an average of 70,000 liters of milk. Aims at establishing 15 semisynthetic Insemination Centers in village units. Aims at marketing 6080 metric tons of Nandini fodder for cattle. Aims of setting up of 1296 Veterinary word Camps. Aims at providing Vaccination to 50,000 cattle against Food and oral fissure Diseases. Making more milk to powder this year. STRATEGIES OF ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT To Check Labor absenteeism. To take actions against in-disciplined workers. To reduce the intake daily workers for petty jobs. Aims at luck the employees to become more prudent towards their work. STRATEGIES OF PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT Aims at processing an average of 1. 10 lakh liters of milk daily Aims at producing Tons Products 1338 Milk powder 245. 74 Butter 857. 24 Bulk Butter 135. 52 Ghee 48. 22 Peda 19. 6 Paneer 537. 24 Curds There have been plans set to reduce the SNF and robust content in the milk so as to protect the quality of the milk. STRATEGIES OF THE MARKETING DEPARTMENT Aims at marketing the above products through proper statistical distribution Channels. Aims to conduct 52 Consumer Awareness Programs and various Seminars. Aims at conducting 10 wholesalers retailers meeting. Aims at setting 10 Exclusive NANDINII Milk Parlors. Aiming to set up new advertisements strategies like putting up of hoardings. Distributing Pamphlets, contests etc. Price list of milk and milk producs. SL Products name Net Amt Commission MRP 1 Toned Milk/Liter 24. 12 0. 88 25. 00 2 HTM/ltr 25. 09 0. 91 26. 00 3 HCM/ltr 27 1. 00 28. 00 4 Curd 500gm 14 1. 00 15. 0 5 Butter Milk 200ml 4 1. 00 5. 00 6 Peda/250 gm 39. 00 6. 00 45. 00 7 200 ml Ghee 54. 55 5. 45 60. 00 8 500 ml 180. 90 18. 10 199. 0 9 1000 ml Ghee 250 30. 00 280. 00 10 S. F. M/ bottle 14. 47 2. 53 17. 00 11 Jamoon mix/ 200gm 44. 64 5. 36 50. 00 12 Mysore pak/ 250 gm 66. 97 8. 03 75. 0 13 Paneer/kg 217. 39 32. 61 250. 00 14 Butter 500gm 126. 79 15. 21 142. 00 NANDINI PRODUCT DETAILS AND RATE (NMP PRODUCTS) Sl No. Product Name Maximum Price of Sale Badam Powder 200 gm Tin/Kg 250. 00 Badam Powder 200 gm Tin/Kg 50. 00 Badam Powder 10 gm Tin/Kg 300. 00 Mysore Pak 250 gm/Kg 280. 00 Mysore Pak 250 gm pack 70. 00 Jamoon Mix 200 gm / Kg 250. 00 Ja moon Mix 200 gm / pack 50. 0 SFM Bottles 14. 00 Milk 200 Ml Pack (Tetra Pack) 14. 00 CHAPTER 2 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENTS ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE pic Organization structure is the skeleton of the organization. It prescribes the formal relationship among various position and the activities. Arrangements about compositioning, relationship, how an organization member is to communicate with other members, what roles and procedures exist to guide the various activities performed by the members of all parts of the organization structure.Organization structure plays a spanking role in achieving the organizational goals. Organization structure should be properly designed to facilitate the smooth functioning of the organization. Organization structure of Dharwad milk union consists of BODs at the top. Then president, under whom is the Managing Director. He is the person who is trustworthy for smooth functioning of the organization. After Managing Director there are managers and surrogate Mangers of various departments who are responsible and accountable for the activities of their respective departments. There are subordinates, supervisors and employees who are directly linked with department managers. DEPARTMENTS OF DMU 1. PURCHASE DEPARTMENTIt is a sub-department, which comes under Finance Department. The main work of this department is to purchase various materials call for by different department. After ascertaining the stock position by stores department and pitting is sent by different department duly approved by the Managing Director. This department act to purchase materials. It also maintains records of all the suppliers calls for Tenders, quotations etc. Quotations with lowest rate are sanctioned. Purchase up to 50,000 can be made by Purchase Department. If the purchase amount is more than 50,000, then the approval of Managing Director. STRUCTURE- The structure of Purchase Department is as shown QUALITY CONTROL DEPARTMEN TIn DMU, at every stage, care is taken to ensure that the customer gets the products, which have a very high quality. Hence there is a separate department called case Department. Where the quality testing is done. There is a separate laboratory for this. Quality control is very essential as to maintain the freshness of the milk. All the containers, pipes and other equipments are washed with hot water before starting off with new production. There are many tests conducted here. The packed milk we get will have undergone 3 quality tests. First test is done on raw milk, which we get from chilling center. Next before standardization and the last test before packing. The other tests conducted are TEST REASON Temperature Should be below 5 degrees Clot on Boiling If mill curdles soon after boiling milk is Rejected Acidity examination To test the extent of acidity Alcohol Test To check the heat stability of milk Lactometer To check the density of milk Fat test Percen tage of fat determined SNF Test Percentage of SNF determined for pricing SNF=CLR+FAT/4 2. PRODUCTION PROCESS AND DEPARTMENT The main objective of this department is to follow up production inventory as per plan and to maintain close and co-ordinate relationship with other department and ensures to upgrade the technical efficiency of production. Milk, as it is highly perishable product has to process right off to avoid spoilage milk with respect to its flavor, texture and taste. Production department is well equipped and has various types of highly sophisticated apparatuss imported from Sweden and Denmark.Once the milk is received from P & I department, it is first weighed with the help of weighing bowl. Later, it is poured in dump tank. Sample testing is made through lactometer reading and other tests. The fat and SNF content of each sample of milk is accessed the cow and buffalos milk are separately received and sent to the production section separately through two different stainless steel pipes. Later, the raw milk is passed through plate chiller of variable capacity where it is cooled up to 4-5 degrees Celsius. This cooled raw material is further stored in a silo of 30,000 liters capacity. PURPOSE OF CHILLING This is done to avoid the growth of microorganisms, which are responsible for spoilage of milk and bitter taste.The milk, which is stored in silos, is pumped through pipeline to the balance tank, which helps to maintain the steady speed flow of milk in the Pasteurization mold. In, DMU there are 2 milk Pasteurization machine and 1 Cream Pasteurization machine. PURPOSE OF pasteurisation Pasteurization is a process where milk is heated to high temperature and cooled instantly, to destroy any microorganism. The pasteurized milk will stored in Pasteurized milk silos and then sent to pre-packing section. Packing is done in 500ml and 1000ml and stored in cold storage at 7. PASTEURIZATION OF CREAM The milk in bulk is taken to the cream separator. Here , the, cream is separated.The cream is passed through cream Pasteurization Unit. This cream is sent to Butter Section. The milk with no fat is skimmed milk. This skim milk is pumped back to Pasteurization Unit and heated to 72 apply steam and chilled to 4 using chilled water and stored silos. This skimmed milk is sent to powder section. The pasteurize cream is mixed in portion to pasteurized milk. CURDS Raw milk is heated to 90 and allowed to cool to 30. Later culture is added to it and packed the curd is formed in the packet itself. It is stored and packed in 200gms and 500gms. BUTTER The cream, which is stored in cream refining tank, is taken to the churning section where it is churned.Here butler fat and buttermilk are separated. The vacuum pump removes excess of moisture and butter comes out of continuous butter making machine (capacity cl0 kgs/hour). Butler is packed in 100, 200 and 500 gms and also in 10, 25 gms, these are stored in deep freezer room with temperature 22 and if the order of salt butter they mix the salt water with cream and other process is same. GHEE There are 2 Ghee Boiler of capacity 1500 kgs/batch. A Butter of 2. 5 tons is melted and is brought to Ghee Boiler. Here it is heated to 116-117 degree Celsius for 15 minutes so that the residue is allowed to settle down and Ghee is passed to setting tank through clarifiers.Later Ghee is allowed for cooling (at 30-40) and packed in Tin of Liter, 500 ml and 200 ml of pack and kept in the cold storage. PANEER If there is excess of milk, then, Paneer is been made. The milk is heated to 900 for 15-20 minutes. Glacial acetic acid is added to milk and then milk is strained through fine muslin cloth. The solid potion is retained and is put in water and then it is put in chilled water and left overnight. Later it is packed and stored in cold storage. MILK POWDER When there is excess of milk. Milk powder is made. The capacity of the powder plant is 12 tons. There are two sections Evaporator and Sp ray Drier through which milk is converted to Milk Powder. In Evaporator, milk is boiled for 55 at high vacuum.Milk is concentrated to drier 40-45% of milk is solid, moisture is removed and the milk power obtained consists of 4% moisture. PEDHA Dharwad is famous for its delicious Peda. DMU has separate Peda section. About 80 Liters (depends upon the demand) is heated continuously for 3 hours till the milk is semi-solid, later sugar and other ingredients are added and stirred continuously on low flame. Later it cooled and it is shaped in small balls and packed. The milk produced here is differentiated by the content of fat and SNF TYPE FAT SNF Toned Milk 3. 1% 8. % Standard Milk 4. 5% 9% Shubham Milk 6% 9% Full Cream Milk 5. 1% 9% The below table gives a brief idea of the milk products, their fat SNF, moisture Content PRODUCT FAT SNF MOISTURE Butter 83% 1% 16% Ghee 99. % - 0. 2% Pannier 20% 30% 50% The production department has the following structure Package of milk The comp any has three machines with double head six persons for packing the milk. The milk is heated from 70-80 degree temperature and compressed air for filling of milk. Total workers in this department are 24. Liquid milk weight in grams a) 200 ml=208 +/-3 gms b) 500 ml=517 +/-3 gms c) 10,00 ml=1034 +/-5 gms Curds weight 200 gms = 202 +or- 500 gms = 503+or-2Film length a) 200 ml= 100 mm b) 500 ml= 150 mm c) 1000 ml= 230 mm While packaging of milk. The crate is washed from 3 to 5 degree temperature and then the milk is set in crate and the milk is stored in cold room. The temperature of cold room is 2 to 5 degree Celsius. 3. PROCUREMENT AND INPUT DEPARTMENT Input required per day Milk procurement up to 85000 liters 5 to 6 lakh liters of water 10,000 units of electrical energy 4 to 5 tones of coal Generator in case of electricity failure and manpower Quality Control At different stages of production the officer from the Quality Control department keeps verifying the quality of the product s frequently.Any defects or unconformity to standards is immediately reports and necessary measures are taken to correct them. It is only that after the approval of this department the goods can be dispatched to the market. Waste materials are sent to Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP). The buttermilk liquid containing a small percentage of fat content is sold to the soap manufacturers, otherwise it is sent to a special tank with fomenter rotating in it. Different chemicals are used and sterilized fresh water is released for agricultural purpose. Caution is taken with regard to the height of the chimney to avoid air pollution. Steam plant In various steps of production for instance melting of butter to ghee etc. steam is required. This steam is produced in steam production plant where coal is used for this purpose. Everyday nearly 4-5 tones of coal are required. The ash is sold to the brick manufacturer. THE STRUCTURE OF P&I DEPARTMENT Procurement and input department is play a vital ro le in the DMU. In any any milk union this department handles the procurement of the milk required amt to the production process. FUNCTIONS OF P&I Procurement of milk from milk producers co-operative societies. Establishment of milk producers co-operative societies. Encouraging farmers to produce more milk. Provide fair price to the good quality milk. PROCUREMENT OF MILKDaily procurement of DMU is 80,000 liters/day on average. Procurement of milk seasonally variated from folk December the milk productivity is high and in summer it is low. M Milk collection process Milk procurement process has done all the 365 days and two times a day and procuring milk routes through transportation. DMU making Rs11 for cow milk and Rs13. 50for buffalo milk as minimum and other rate will depend on the SNF and FAT. After the chilling the milk is loaded and brought to the near by union. Once milk brought to the union it is rechecked for quality, quantity, freshness and then it sent for the further production process.If the milk is defective in transit it brought to the notice of concerned society, in case of away society if the milk is spoilt due to carelessness/delay of the driver it is brought to the notice to the contractor who is responsible for the loss. ESTABLISHMENT OF DAIRY CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES- This is the important task carried by the P&I dept, societies are established in villages. There should be a min 50 members from societies and there should surplus of 75 liters of milk collection per day. There should be localities should produce milk from buffalo or cow or both, there is cheap elected from members who has ability to run a society successfully he is responsible for selling the shares to the formers who contributed from the societies. Share of Rs100 each should be allocated a society should gather an Rs20, 000 from the society.After registration, a commencing a general body meeting will held with 9 members who are influential and knowledgeable elected becom es director of the societies two as take as secretary and inspector. It is the duty of secretary to maintain all records and ledgers of dairy transactions. The tester verifies quality of the milk a sheet a send with the carrier. PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITIES- This dept takes some promotional activities to increase the rate of production of the milk. Veterinary services to keep up the good health of cattle through a) Regular health Camps b) Emergency service round the clock c) First aid, Vaccination, Infertility Camps, Fodder Artificial Insemination facilities for improvement of Cattle breed. Facilitating Training Programs regarding management of Cattle. Supply of Fodder to the cattle. PRICE TO THE PROCURED MILK- Fat content SNF Price/Liter Buffalo. 6% 9% 12. 60RS Cows Milk. 3. 5% 8. 5% 9. 75Rs The price given below is based on the SNF and Fat 4. STORES DEPARTMENT STRUCTURE- The stores department in DMU follows the Cordex System (Coded Control System). A card is maintained for each item and a number is allotted.The card attached to each article consists of amount balance, date of issue, purchase etc. this is later recorded in separated ledger book. The inventors are of different kind ranging from mechanical, spares, packing items to animal drugs, and stationary and veterinary drugs. There are at least 4000 different inventories. This department has the following services It tries to maintain maximum and minimum level of inventory so as to avoid blockage of capital and storage. Ordinary and local available commodities are maintained at minimum possible level. Items of urgent and not easily available are stored sufficiently for further demand. Finished Goods Stores DepartmentThe FGS department has the following structure Finished Goods Stores This department acts as an interface between production and Marketing Department. It is concerned with maintenance of finishes goods affiliated records. It receives all the finished goods and issues the stock to marketing department as per indents. It ensures that the goods are maintained properly with respect to quality. Accounts are maintained and daily and monthly report is submitted to the production. Marketing and Finance Department, as the products as perishable first-in-first-out method of inventory is followed 5. FINANCE DEPARTMENT The structure of finance Department is as shownThis Department is responsible for keeping all the inward and outward flow of money of union. It prepares budget every year and fi

Explain the Centrality of the Dreaming and Its Importance for Aboriginal Spirituality

Explain the centrality of the Dreaming and its importance for Aboriginal spirituality. The Aboriginal Dreaming refers to the religious and spiritual beliefs of the aboriginal race of Australia. The woolgather is what they base their traditional lives around, the dreaming determines their values and beliefs and their relationships with the animals, plants and environment around them. The Dreaming tells the stories that explain their views and beliefs on how the world came to be and its history and the totems which re perplex each(prenominal) historical factor of the dreaming.The dreaming stories explain how the Spirit Ancestors made the trees, rocks, waterholes, and rivers, mountains and stars as well as the animals and plants, and which liven represent each of these things along with the other living features in the orbit. Views on life and death The aboriginal people believe that there is no heaven or hell after death they believe that they came from the humanity and once th ey die they return to the land.Their belief system is based on past, present and future. The past makes it possible to live in the present, and without the past or present there is no future. There argon two types of dreaming the dreaming and my dreaming, the dreaming is the history but my dreaming is the connection to a life clear or totem eg. Crocodile or eagle which connects my dreaming to the dreaming because of those totems being symbols in ancient rituals. Dreaming storiesThe Dreaming stories are of great importance to the aboriginal people in terms of the dreaming because they are the history books verbally, they tell the stories in detail of how the earth came to be from the ancestors and spirits who created the land who created them. The dreaming stories tell what each spirit was able to create and how it happened for example the rainbow serpent or how the moon got in the sky. These stories have been passed on for millions of generations.These stories were either told by t he elders or were found in the aboriginal are of cave painting, these cave paintings had the same effect as the spoken, these traditional art forms also tell a story of how something came to be from the spirits and the ancestors. Rituals and ceremonies The aboriginal people believe that in performing rituals such as carobories tells stories of the spirits forming into what they represent such as the emu or kangaroo. These sacred dances are performed on the coming of age ceremonies and many other significant occasions.The sites where these ceremonies are performed are sacred and can only be accessed by certain groups, women and elders and only for the purpose of initiation. Aboriginal art The traditional aboriginal art depicts places, events and dreaming ancestors, also incorporating actual events, whereas the temporary was only for initiation ceremonies and funerals. The aboriginal art opens up ways of communicating the close relationship between the ancestral beings and the laws, views, values, ceremonies and obligations of the people.They enable understanding and knowledge within a community and also partcially the outside world. Connections with the land The land is the centre of aboriginal spirituality, it is the core of their religion. The land is the people and the people are the land. The land is where they believe the ancestors are. To aboriginals their divinity fudge is not one singular god up in the sky but many ancestors that are part of the earth and formed and are part of everything natural that is seen today.They believe that the ancestors came through the earth and formed mountains and ridges, rivers and lakes, the sky and the dirt, they are everything and the land is their form of communication with the people, they live in a symbiotic relationship. The land dwells from them and they dwell from the land, they work together to pass on the other alive and strong. In conclusion, the centrality of the aboriginal dreaming and its importance to t he people is based on the land, the rituals and cerimonies, the understanding that they have a strong relationship with the ancestors and the cornerstone of past, present and future.These are all important because they are the basis of life for the aboriginal people and without this they would not live the traditional lifestyle with all the same customs, they would have no dreaming and no core beliefs that give them the power to respect their land. Resources Class notes. Previous knowledge. Living religion- third edition. Jannet Movissey, Peter mudge, Adam Taylor, Greg Bailey, capital of Minnesota Rule. Pearsons education Australia 2005. Pgs. 11-19.

Acc 340 Wk 1 Individual

The Effects of Technology on the Accounting Profession ACC 340 The Effects of Technology on the Accounting Profession The adage, Time is bullion has never been more(prenominal) true at any point in history than it is today. For the certified public accountant (CPA), the adage holds even more significance as the more time a CPA has to spend in a project, the less valuable that project becomes. It also means less time to devote to the future(a) project. Technology has aided the CPA in numerous ways in recent years. From accounting software to devices with accounting applications, CPAs have a variety of raw engine room to help save time and money.In this paper, I will explore some of the technologies available to CPAs. Accounting technology is not new, and has been a part of designing and tiping numbers throughout time. From Leonardo da Vinci who designed a device he labeled the Codex Madrid number machine to Blaise protoactinium who invented the first early calculator to Willi am Burroughs who created the first adding machine, those who specialized in numbers have sought ways of making the tasks of their profession or hobby very much simpler. As time passed, more creations emerged to help accountants perform their expertise more accurately and faster.The first computer was built midway through the twentieth century. For the approximately 50 years that followed, huge computers designed to perform the simple task of calculating mathematical equations were eventually scaled down to fit on cover charge of desks in consumers homes and offices. The world of accounting went from manually inputting data into a ledger to using electronic spreadsheets that eliminated the need for ledgers, calculators, pencils, and adding machines. Out with the hardcopy and in with the software.Many years ago California-based grok launched a brand of accounting software called QuickBooks patterned after its touristy personal accounting brand Quicken (Loter, 2009). From its laun ch the software has been very popular with business owners who had little to no formal accounting knowledge. Today there are many software titles providing accounting software for small, medium, and larger businesses. Some newer titles include Sage Simply Accounting Software, Peachtree Complete Accounting Software, AccountEdge Accounting Software for Windows and Mac to name but a few.Accounting software has helped CPAs save time and money by allowing accountants to quickly and easily input data onto a spreadsheet, then import or export info within or even amid networks. This eliminates the time-consuming method of handwriting information on paper, then physically transporting the finalized document(s) to be batched with similar document(s) from (an) other department(s). Accounting software has not been the only technical advancements for the accounting field. Mobile devices are available that allow accountants and business owners to input and retrieve data while on the go.Of cour se, it is the software applications that causes the information ball to pop out rolling, but it is such devices as an iPhone or iPad, a Blackberry device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), or an Android smartphone that allow accountants access to information that could accelerate calculations or computations while visiting clients or whenever the person needing information is away from his or her office. A major benefit for the CPA using a device listed above is an application called TimeWerks that allows a CPA to track, invoice, and e-mail billable time through a built-in stopwatch called Task Timer.The application costs $9. 99 to download. High-powered business calculators called 10BIICalc can be downloaded onto an iPhone for $5. 99, and provides access to stocks, bonds, depreciation, and conversions. A store-bought similar device could cost between $30 and $100. The netbook or mini-notebook PC is some other new device o which CPAs are drawn. The DisplaySearch Q3 09 Quarterly Notebook PC Shipment and Forecast Report found the mini-note PC-or netbook-market grew 40% fourth part over quarter and experienced nearly twice the 22% growth rate of larger notebooks (DisplySearch. com, 2011).There is no doubt that accountants, business owners, or even the consumer who enjoys tracking his or her expenditure from his or her home computer appreciate that doing mathematical equations (accounting) no longer requires an abacus or clay tokens. With the advent and evolution of computers and their related software, accountants were better able to track information in real-time and completely eliminated most mistakes. This and the creation of portable devices such as iPhone/iPad has resulted in greater efficiency, accessibility, and accountability, and has altered the way accounting is performed, procured, and secured.Accounting technology will continue to evolve, and tracking money will become even easier. References DisplaySearch. com. (2011). Mini-Note PC (Netbook) Sh ipments Grow at Twice the Rate of Notebook PCs in Q209. Retrieved whitethorn 16, 2011, from http//www. displaysearch. com/cps/rde/xchg/displaysearch/hs. xsl/090831_mini_note_pc_netbook_shipments_grow_at_twice_rate_notebook_pcs_q2_09. asp Loter, D. (2009). History of QuickBooks. Retrieved May 16, 2011, from http//business. intuit. com/directory/article-history-of-quickbooks

Common Size Financial Statement Analysis Essay

When all the items of a financial pedagogy are expressed on a common basis, it is known as a common-size financial statement. Common-sizing of balance aeroplane is done generally by expressing its all items as a parting of its replete(p) assets or original equities. Similarly, income statement is common-sized when its all items are expressed as percentage of total sales.PROCEDURE OF COMMON size of itIn preparing common-size income statement, the following office is to be followed Total sales revenue or total revenue is taken as hundred. Each item of damage or expenses is represented as a percentage of total revenue. Profit or loss also shown as a percentage of revenue.Similarly, balance sheet is common-sized as follows Total of assets location or total of liability side is taken as hundred. Each item of asset is expressed as percentage of total asset total of capital and liabilities. Each item of the liability side is also expressed as a percentage of total assets or total of capital and liabilities. public utility OF COMMON-SIZE FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSISInter-firm comparison becomes more meaningful when financial statement of the firms under comparison is common-sized. Common-size financial statement analysis is most adequate to evaluate the performance of a company over a period of time. It is useful in understanding the relative splendour of different sources of financing. It helps the analyst to arise hypothesis about the most efficient business model by means of effective inter-firm comparisons. Common-size financial analysis rotter be used to equate a companys financial data with industry norms or average.COMMON-SIZE FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSISWhen all the items of a financial statement are expressed on a common basis, it is known as a common-size financial statement. Common-sizing of balance sheet is done generally by expressing its all items as a percentage of its total assets or total equities. Similarly, income statement is common- sized when its all items are expressed as percentage of total sales.PROCEDURE OF COMMON SIZINGIn preparing common-size income statement, the following procedure is to be followed Total sales revenue or total revenue is taken as hundred. Each item of cost or expenses is represented as a percentage of total revenue. Profit or loss also shown as a percentage of revenue.Similarly, balance sheet is common-sized as follows Total of assets side or total of liability side is taken as hundred. Each item of asset is expressed as percentage of total asset total of capital and liabilities. Each item of the liability side is also expressed as a percentage of total assets or total of capital and liabilities.USEFULNESS OF COMMON-SIZE FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSISInter-firm comparison becomes more meaningful when financial statement of the firms under comparison is common-sized. Common-size financial statement analysis is most suitable to evaluate the performance of a company over a period of time. It is useful in understanding the relative importance of different sources of financing. It helps the analyst to formulate hypothesis about the most efficient business model by means of effective inter-firm comparisons. Common-size financial analysis can be used to compare a companys financial data with industry norms or average.

Behaviors in Organizations

constructive psychology refers to the learning of the processes and conditions which contribute to the functioning and well-to-do of the people and communities. (Gable and Haidt, 2005). Positive Psychology Center in University of Pennsylvania state that there are three main concern of supreme psychology. First is the positive emotion which include study on the contentment, happiness and hope of starself. The other one is positive individual traits which entail the study of strengths and virtues.And positive institutions involve the study of strengths that promote better communities. (Positive Psychology Center,2002) Positive psychology according to Mary can be used effectively within the executive prepareing scope by helping coaches in ranking the clients vision of what they want and then they turn it into reality by focusing in positive emotions. Positive emotions can have significant impact on increasing intuition, creativity and widening of attention. In this context coach es focuses on what energizes and pull people forward. (Stober and Grant, 2006).According to Foxhall (2002), coaching non only focus in helping executive identify his/her strengths and weakness, but also include other areas of focus such as serving as a sounding board for strategic decision-making, helping employees manage their stress, mediating conflicts between executives and coaching newly promoted employee with no background in supervising. It is very important for the coaches to identify the clients visions and strengths in order to have a deeper understanding of what are the capabilities and limitation of one self.It is also important because it can help the coach on how what way to approach their clients in order to improve their performance in the work area. Realizing the strengths can achieve levels of satisfaction and meaning in one self. Positive psychology is a great tool in the executive coaching context. It identifies the strengths of the client which is very benefici al in attaining the goals and in achieving levels of satisfaction. Focusing on the positive emotion can really help boost the creativity and intuition of the client. References Foxhall, K. (2002). More psychologists are attracted to the executive coaching field.Monitor on Psychology,. 33 (4). Retrieved October 3, 2007 from http//www. apa. org/ monitoring device/apr02/executive. html Gable, S. & Haidt, J (2005). What (and Why) is Positive Psychology? Review of General Psychology, 9(2). Retrieved October 3,2007 from http//faculty. virginia. edu/haidtlab/articles/gable. haidt. what-is-positive-psychology. pdf Seligman, M. E. P (2007). Positive Psychology Center, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved October 3, 2007 from http//www. ppc. sas. upenn. edu/aboutus. htm Stober, D. R. , & Grant, A. M. (2006). Evidence based coaching handbook. New Jersey joke Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Hardwork

In the many million years of human history,man has been immensely successful in making his right away better than his yesterday. Elf he had not shown the capability of uplifting and aggrandize himself,he would have not had the right to call himself the Crown of Creations and Gods Viceroy on Earth. Halls portentous Journey from burning fire with stone to building up huge dams for generating electricity,from living In caves to constructing skyscrapers and unimaginably comfortable residences ar all the exult of his unflinching struggle and hardwood.Respected Listeners, Man has developed a tremendous ability of bringing the floods,the storms and even the earthquakes under his control. He has brought the laborious Journeys on foot to an end and has invented ships,cars,trains and surprisingly high speed airplanes. Just by his struggle and diligence,man has enabled himself to accomplish these outstanding miracles alongside many more baffling ones. Mr President,The luxuries and comforts w hich we are enjoying today are unquestionably the result of those hardworking benefactors of humanity who burnt the midnight oil,ignoring their rest,forgetting their sleeps,putting aside their physical and even spiritual needs. Someone has rightly said, The heights which great men reached and unplowed were not attained by sudden flight, For when their friends and family slept they worked Ann toiled throughout the night making his today better than his yesterday. He had not shown the capability of Crown of Creations and Gods Viceroy on Earth.

How TV Can Effect Children Positively Essay

IntroductionI decided to see if tv, which is notorious for having ban effects on childrens education and attitudes, could have any absolute(p) effects. Surprisingly, in that location is a elegant amount of studies that have been d angiotensin-converting enzyme that have seen haughty correlations between TV- wake and academic and social victory, though there are even more than than sources that situation out the negative effects. Through my own observations of my little siblings and cousins masking habits, I felt confident that I could come up with an idea as to which side of this think was correct. In my experience, my relations tend to favor consumeing Disney head and PBS. As will be illustrious later these channels tended to stick by the highest ratings for positive influence upon children by their parents. The parents surveyed withal claimed that their children watched TV for relatively unawares amounts in a day. I concluded in my hypothesis that television wat ching plunder try on to have positive influences on children depending on the channel and programs watched as well as how many an(prenominal) hours it is viewed.literary ReviewIn order to stay my hypothesis I looked into explore that has already been collected on the subject. I found many sources that claimed that extreme amounts of regular television programming for materialisation children back end be extremely harmful. However, using school resources on the online databases, I was able to find multiple scholarly journals that support my hypothesis. In the first source,One longitudinal study (Anderson, Huston, Schmitt, Linebarger & Wright, 2001) found that adolescents who watched educational programs as preschoolers had a positive effect on their grades, behavior, creativity, and social behavior during later years (Austin). This finding is monumental because it not sole(prenominal) shows that academia can be improved through television watching, but that social behaviors c an also be positively affected. It is important to note, however, that this study specifically highlights thateducational programs are the TV shows that showed this positive success in youthfulness children.These are shows that specifically strive to improve children, rather than the toons and other less positively influential programs that children often chose to watch. These educational programs are, in fact, good for a childs development, but they are not always a childs or even a parents first choice of watching material. That same journal goes on to support this claim about the enormousness of educational programs while also highlighting that mode dictate levels of television viewing is important,The utilization of informational televisioncan have a positive impact on student achievement if properly channeled. Moderate levels of meaning(prenominal) and supervised television viewing may be better for children than too more or no viewing at all (Austin). telly stays true to the old proverb that too much of a good thing is always harmful. However, it also is better than nothing which I found intriguing. Television has been proven to have positive effects and, fortunately, that cannot be denied. Many will argue that these proven positive effects are outweighed by the negative effects of aggression, lack of social interaction, and academic neglect. However consort to this,The report by Jonson Et Al. is interesting in that it presents an association between the amount of television viewed at young get on withs and subsequent aggressive behavior as adults however, it does not show causation (Kids). it is not as spoilt a problem as it is usually perceived to be, since a lack of causation implies that the television did not necessarily cause the aggressive behavior. Those children could have genetically been aggressive individuals or have become more aggressive due to their environments which, it is important to note, allowed them to watch television long er than the average child. Another study counters those who point to television as the source of aggression,Kenny makes a compelling case thatthe advent of the TV era in the worlds poorest spotscan help make them better places to live, producing more thoughtful, less violent, and better-educated community (Forget Twitter).Television can be a powerful tool, especially when it is being used to shape young minds. Before it was used to inspire and influence young children it was used quite powerfully,In 1988, by Jay Winsten, a professor at the Harvard School of Public Health and the director of the schools Center for Health Communication, who conceivedto set up a new social conceptthe designated driverto North America (Rosenzweig). As we know today, designated drivers and the black market to not drink and drive has become a widespread phenomena. Winsten was able to mix this idea of not drinking while drunk into TV shows for adults on many channels and in many divergent ways, and h e found unprecedented success. The lessons that are taught in mainstream adult media are strong enough and overriding enough to make a difference. Children programs are even more well known for trying to incorporate educational components and teach morality. Sesame Street, utilizing these ingrained messages, found similar success in childrens television, early(a) research on Sesame Street found that preschoolers who watched the program extensively developed more positive attitudes toward people of different groups (Wilson). Sesame Street is an educational program that specifically targets young children, and tries to teach them look lessons as well as academics. They are using their influence and power in the television intentness to improve the lives and situations of toddlers globally. From episodes that teach tolerance in politically charged Israel and Palestine to education for children who would otherwise get wind very little, Sesame Street is one of many television program s that has a positive effect on children.My ResearchMany of the more educational programs feature on PBS or Sprout where the more entertaining shows feature on Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, and Disney Channel. I used my research to discover how many hours children watch these channel, how educational or influential parents found the varying channels to be, and which channel the child preferred to watch. This research will show how positive the parents felt the effects of definite channels are ontheir children and whether or not they are influencing their children to watch these displace for the approximately amounts of time. I utilized a survey questionnaire to achieve my information because a questionnaire allowed me to ask a wider population in a shorter amount of time. I asked the age of the children in question, how many hours of TV they watched in a day, which kid-aimed station they watched most often, and then I asked the parents to rate the influence of the various channe ls as having a strong negative influence, moderate negative influence, no noticeable influence, moderate positive influence, and strong positive influence.I had listed the channels to rate as the most popular kids stations Disney (including Junior, XD, and Channel), Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, Sprout, and PBS as well as an other category that one parent added the Hub to. PBS, which is known for its educational programming, received the most strong and moderate positive ratings and did not get rated for any of the other, less positive, ratings. However, only one parent claimed that PBS was the station their child watched and enjoyed most often. The Disney Channel was the most popular station in terms of children watching it, but received as many moderately negative and no effects as it did positive ratings. Cartoon Network, which, un movely, features a mostly cartoon program, by far did the worst, getting no positive reviews and only one no effect rating. As importantly as the cont ent children are viewing is the amount of time they are viewing it for. scarcely one family claimed that their child, a 10-year-old, watched over four hours of TV. This particular family also gave the most negative ratings to all of the stations except Disney, which the child viewed the most, and PBS. All the other families that gave PBS the highest positive ratings and the one family that cited it as their childs most watched, had viewing hours of 30 minutes to 2 hours a day which are relatively levelheaded amounts of television for children to be viewing. By pairing PBS, the most education-aimed channel, with the smallest amounts of view time, parents were noticing high amounts of positive influence of television on their children in both academics and social skills. This information clearly supports my hypothesis.In conclusion, television has a surprising number of positive effects on children. But these rewards can only be reaped by certain programs and onlywith healthy amounts of viewing times. By encouraging healthy viewing habits and healthy viewing choices parents can help improve the lives of their children even if they are in the poorest, most desperate situations.Works CitedAustin, William P., and Franklin T. Thompson. Television viewing and academic achievement revisited. Education 124.1 (2003) 194+. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 1 June 2014 Forget twitter, think TV. Foreign polity 175 (2009) 1. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 1 June 2014. Kids, TV viewing, and aggressive behavior. (Letters). Science 297.5578 (2002) 49+. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 1 June 2014. Rosenzweig, Jane. CAN TV IMPROVE US? The American Prospect (1999) 58.Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 1 June 2014. Wilson, Barbara J. The next of Children, Princeton Brookings Providing Research and Analysis to Promote Effective Policies and Programs for Children. The Future of Children -. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 June 2014.